Ethics

Question 1

Standard 1.04 informal resolution of ethical violations

Answer 1

• attempt to resolve another psychologist’s ethical violation informally by bringing it to their attention if it’s appropriate to do so and does not violate confidentiality

Question 2

Standard 1.04 informal resolution of ethical violations

Answer 2

• attempt to resolve another psychologist’s ethical violation informally by bringing it to their attention if it’s appropriate to do so and does not violate confidentiality

Question 3

Standard 1.05 reporting ethical violations

Answer 3

• required to report ethical violation to ethics committee, licensing board, or other appropriate authority or take other appropriate action when the violation has caused or is likely to cause substantial harm, is not appropriate for informal resolution or was not adequately resolved informally
• taking action does not violate confidentiality
• client confidentiality takes precedence over rectifying violation

Ex. Informal violation may not be indicated if involves sexual misconduct or insurance fraud, or when you have an unfriendly relationship with the psychologist who acted unethically

Question 4

Standard 1.08, unfair discrimination against complaintance and respondents

Answer 4

• prohibit you from denying employment, promotions advancement or admissions to academic or other programs, tenure etc. based on having made or be in the subject of an ethics claim

Does not keep you from taking actions based on the outcome of the complaint or other considering other appropriate information

• May be acceptable to do so when the complaint is only one of several factors that are the reason for denial or the denial is based on the outcome of the complaint

Question 5

Standard 2.0 providing services and emergencies

Answer 5

• allowed to provide professional services if you don’t have adequate training when alternative services are unavailable
• must discontinue the services as soon as the emergency has ended or appropriate services become available

Question 6

Standard 2.06 personal problems and conflict

Answer 6

• must refrain for beginning professional activity when it’s likely that a personal problem will impede your effectiveness
• take appropriate measures when become aware of personal problem is a may affect ongoing professional activity

-seek consultation to determine whether activity should be limited, suspended,or terminated

Question 7

Standard 3.01 unfair discrimination

Answer 7

• prohibited from engaging in discrimination based on age, gender, gender identity, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status or any other base is prohibited by law in work related activity
• don’t have to accept everyone as clients that accept your services
• may refer to other professionals when believe a person’s values, diagnosis, or other characteristic is likely to negative affect their ability to provide effective services

Question 8

Standard 3.05 multiple relationships

Answer 8

• prohibits you from entering a multiple relationship if it’s likely to adversely impact your objectivity, confidence, or effectiveness or risks, exploitation or harm
• doesn’t prohibit all multiple relationships
• going to potentially harmgul Multiple relational relationship has already developed, must take reasonable steps to resolve it with due regard to the best interest of the affected person and maximum compliance with the ethics code
• making consultation is often the best strategy

Question 9

Standard 3.10 informed consent

Answer 9

• required to obtain informed consent to individuals receiving your services or when individuals are illegally incapable: provide appropriate explanation, consider best interest, seek Assent and obtain permission from a legally authorized person when doing so is permitted or required by law (legally incompetent adults and most minors under 18)
• use reasonably understandable language unless providing those services without consent is mandated by law or governmental regulations or otherwise provided in the ethics code
• court ordered evaluations: ,inform person being evaluated about the purpose of the evaluation and that the results may be entered into evidence in court
• appropriately document written or oral consent, permission or assent
• that this code doesn’t require assigned or written consent but laws or institution

Question 10

Standard 4.02 discussing the limits of confidentiality

Answer 10

• must discuss limits of confidentiality on the outset of therapy unless it’s not feasible or contraindicated
• And thereafter as new circumstances May warrant

Confidentiality of minors,: the right of confidentiality doesn’t apply to minors except in legally defined situations

Ex - when legally able to consent to own treatment

When parents or legal guardians have the right to information disclosed by the minor, establish a confidentiality agreement with all parties in the beginning of therapy that limits disclosure to certain types of information: illegal, drug use and suicidal ideation

Question 11

Standard 4.05 disclosures

Answer 11

• permits disclosure of confidential information with authorization from the client or the client’s legal representative

Or without authorization when doing so is permitted or mandated by law

-ex. Danger to self, legally required to report child abuse

Question 12

Standard 4.06 consultation

Answer 12

Allowed to consult with colleagues about clients but required to not reveal identifying information without clients authorization disclose only the information that’s necessary to achieve the purpose of consultation

-

Question 13

Standard 5.05 testimonials

Answer 13

• prohibited from soliciting testimonials from current therapy clients are those who are vulnerable to undue influence
• soliciting testimonials from previous clients may be acceptable as long as they’re not vulnerable to undue influence
• also applies to other individuals like interns, etc

Question 14

Standard 5.06 in person solicitation

Answer 14

Not allowed to engage in uninvited in-person solicitation of business from actual potential therapy clients and those who are vulnerable to undue influence

• in person, solicitation of business is not always prohibited, example be acceptable to distribute business cards to attendees at a funeral, but if invited to present information about the stages of grief to a support group by the groups later, it would be acceptable to hand out business cards to people that asked for
• does not apply to inviting a client’s family or significant other to participate in therapy to benefit the client or offering disaster or community outreach services two individuals

Question 15

Standard 6.0 maintenance, dissemination, and disposal of confidential records of professional and scientific works

Answer 15

• maintain confidentiality when creating, storing, and disposing of client records that are under your control
• Have plans for transferring and maintaining confidentiality in the event of your withdrawal from practice or death
• specify in professional will or elsewhere how client records will be handled in case of your death
• in the absence of a superseding legal institutional requirement- retain full records for 7 years after the last day of service delivered for adults or until 3 years after the age of majority, whichever is later

May want to retain records for longer depending on the advantages and disadvantages of doing some

Question 16

Standard 6.03 withholding record for non-payment

Answer 16

• not allowed to withhold client record when needed for emergency treatment solely because client has unpaid fees
• withholding a record for any reason maybe illegal or inconsistent with institutional regulations

Ex HIPAA does not permit providers to refuse to allow a patient to inspect or obtain a copy of his or her health record due to non-payment of fees

Question 17

Standard 6.03 withholding record for non-payment

Answer 17

• not allowed to withhold client record when needed for emergency treatment solely because client has unpaid fees
• withholding a record for any reason maybe illegal or inconsistent with institutional regulations

Ex HIPAA does not permit providers to refuse to allow a patient to inspect or obtain a copy of his or her health record due to non-payment of fees

Question 18

Standard 6.04 fees and financial agreements

Answer 18

• come to agreement about fees and billing arrangements as early as feasible
• ordinarily at the beginning of services unless client is experiencing a crisis or when a therapist needs to obtain additional information about health care benefits from insurance company
• sliding fee scale not explicitly discussed is generally considered acceptable as long as it’s fair and takes into consideration the all client’s best interests
• can use collection agency but must first inform client of intention to do so and provide the opportunity to make a payment
• provide collection agency only with the information needed to collect the fee

Question 19

Standard 6.04 fees and financial agreements

Answer 19

• come to agreement about fees and billing arrangements as early as feasible
• ordinarily at the beginning of services unless client is experiencing a crisis or when a therapist needs to obtain additional information about health care benefits from insurance company
• sliding fee scale not explicitly discussed is generally considered acceptable as long as it’s fair and takes into consideration the all client’s best interests
• can use collection agency but must first inform client of intention to do so and provide the opportunity to make a payment
• provide collection agency only with the information needed to collect the fee

Question 20

Standard 6.045barter with clients

Answer 20

• can accept goods, services or other non-monetary renumeration in return for psychological services only when doing so is not clinically contradicted or exploitative
• exchanging therapy for ongoing services is clinically contraindicated because of the potential for a negative consequences if the client does not perform those services satisfactory

Question 21

Standard 6.06 accuracy and reports to payers and funding

Answer 21

• must provide accurate information about a client’s diagnosis, type of services provided, and the fees that were charged
• when the payer is an insurance company providing inaccurate information is insurance fraud
• which is unethical and illegal

Question 22

Standard 6.07 referrals and fees

Answer 22

• referral fees be based on actual services provided and not the referral itself
• unethical to charge colleagues for referral fees for clients they refer unless the fee represents the actual cost of making the referral: time. The psychologist met discussing the client with the colleague and copying and forwarding the clients file
• doesn’t apply to psychology referral services or paying employees a percentage of a client’s fee

Question 23

Standard 7.03. Accuracy and teaching

Answer 23

– fire psychologist for syllabi provides accurate information about course content

• including the subject matter that will be covered and how student progress will be evaluated
• may change course requirements after they have distributed the syllabus when they believe doing so will be beneficial for students but must make students aware of the change in a timely manner that enables them to fulfill course requirements
• present psychological information accurately: ensure the info they present is up to date, can present their opinions but cannot omit theories and research that contradicts their opinions or just start research results in a way that confirms their opinions

Question 24

Standard 7.06 assessing student and supervising performance

Answer 24

• Have a timely and specific process for providing feedback to students and supervisees
• base performance evaluations on relevant and established program requirements
• unethical to fire supervisees for unsatisfactory performance, if you haven’t ever been given constructive performance feedback and opportunities to improve performance

Unethical to base evaluations on supervising use on personal characteristics or other factors that are not clearly related to performance

Question 25

Standard 7.07 sexual relationships with students and supervisees

Answer 25

• we are prohibited from engaging in sexual relationships with students and supervisees in your department, agency, or training center, or over whom you have or are likely to have evaluative authority
• includes sex with students and supervisees who are in the department agency or training center

+ Former student may be acceptable only if the student is no longer in your department

Question 26

Standard 8.02 informed consent to research

Answer 26

Prospective research participants must be provided with: studies, purpose, expected duration and procedure, the rights to decline to participate with and withdraw from the study at any time, factors that may influence willingness to participation, the consequences of declining or withdrawing, any potential research benefits, the limits of confidentiality, incentives for participation, and who to contact if you have questions

• when doing experimental intervention research must inform prospective participants about the experimental nature of the intervention, the methods that will be used to assign participants to the treatment and control groups, & available treatment options

Question 27

Standard 8.04 client/ patients, student, and subordinate research

Answer 27

• when research participation is a course requirement or opportunity for extra credit.
• cannot be a requirement for course

You must be offered alternative activities that are equitable

Question 28

Standard 8.05 dispensing with informed consent for research

Answer 28

Don’t need to get informed consent for research if:

• when doing so is permitted by law or federal/institutional regulations
• when research is not likely to cause stress or harm to participants and involves using anonymous questionnaires, naturalistic observations or archival research
• is an investigation of normal educational practices or organizational effectiveness and participants confidentiality will be maintained

Question 29

Standard 8.06 offering inducments for research participation

Answer 29

• allowed to offer incentives to prospective participants to encourage participation

Take reasonable efforts to avoid excessive or or inappropriate financial or other inducements that are likely to coerce participation

May offer professional services in exchange for research participation as long as prospective participants are informed about the nature of the services and a potential risks, limitations and obligations

Question 30

Standard 8.07 deception in research

Answer 30

• deception is only acceptable when certain conditions are met:
• it’s justified by the perspective value of the study
• alternative non-deceptive procedures are not available
• participants are not deceived about procedures that are likely to cause physical pain or severe emotional stress

-participants are allowed to withdraw at any time

• must be informed about the deception as early as feasible, preferably at the conclusion of their participation but no later than at the conclusion of data collection

Question 31

Standard 8.07 deception in research

Answer 31

• deception is only acceptable when certain conditions are met:
• it’s justified by the perspective value of the study
• alternative non-deceptive procedures are not available
• participants are not deceived about procedures that are likely to cause physical pain or severe emotional stress

-participants are allowed to withdraw at any time

• must be informed about the deception as early as feasible, preferably at the conclusion of their participation but no later than at the conclusion of data collection

Question 32

Standard 8.12 publication credit

Answer 32

• publication credit is based on the person’s contribution, not their status
• must accurately reflect your contribution

Ex. Students are ordinarily listed as principal author of a multiple authored article That is substantially based on their doctoral dissertation

• dissertation chair and other contributors can be second authorship and acknowledgment in a footnote or introductory statement

Question 33

Standard 9.02 use of assessment

Answer 33

• use assessment techniques that are appropriate for the purpose of the assessment and have adequate reliability and validity
• unethical to use a personality test to make hiring decisions for particular job unless there’s evidence that the test is a valid selection tool for that job
• just test with evidence of reliability and validity for members of the population being tested
• when such validity or reliability has not been established, describe the strengths and limitations of test results and interpretations

Question 34

Standard 9.03 informed consent in assessments

Answer 34

• provide information about the nature and purpose of the assessment, fees, the involvement of third parties and the limits of confidentiality
• give the opportunity to ask and receive answers to their questions
• maybe a necessary to receive informed consent when the assessment is mandated by law or governmental regulations

Ex court ordered or assessment is a educational institutional or organizational activity

• lack capacity to give consent or when it’s mandated, person should be provided the information about the general nature and purpose of the assessment and reasonably understandably language

Question 35

Standard 9.04 release of test data

Answer 35

• test data: raw & scaled scores, client responses to test questions or stimuli, and psychologist notes and recordings of client statements and behavior during assessment
• ordinary release test data to client or authorized person, May refrain from doing so to protect the client or others from harm or misuse of the data as long as doing so is permitted by law
• hipaa: can deny clients access to test data only when access is reasonably likely to endanger the life or physical safety of the client or other person
• have the right to have The denial reviewed by a licensed healthcare provider

Question 36

Standard 9.08 absolute test and outdated tests results

Answer 36

• cannot base assessment or intervention decisions and recommendations on obsolete assessment techniques and outdated assessment results
• test results may be outdated if person has received additional education or training since being tested or has experienced a change in health status that would likely affect their current test performance

Exceptions are: older test results would be compared to recent results to determine a client’s progress and therapy or to identify changes in a student’s academic achievement over time

• when deciding if to remove outdated test results from a client’s file, consider client’s best interest and legal and organizational requirements

Question 37

Standard 9.11 maintaining test security

Answer 37

• protect integrity and security of test materials
• test manuals, instruments, protocols, test questions and stimuli
• Make reasonable efforts to protect the integrity and security of test materials
• it would be unethical to show clients items from an assessment before administering the test to the client

Question 38

Standard 9.11 maintaining test security

Answer 38

• protect integrity and security of test materials
• test manuals, instruments, protocols, test questions and stimuli
• Make reasonable efforts to protect the integrity and security of test materials
• it would be unethical to show clients items from an assessment before administering the test to the client

Question 39

Standard 10.01 informed consent to therapy

Answer 39

• obtain informed consent from clients as early as feasible
• provide information about the nature and anticipated course of therapy, fees, involvement of third parties and the limits of confidentiality
• give an opportunity to ask and receive answers to questions
• when the therapist does a trainee, inform the client that the therapist is in training and is being supervised and give the supervisor’s name

Question 40

Standard 10.04 providing therapy to those served by others

Answer 40

Proceed with caution and sensitivity to the therapeutic issues when you’re asked to provide services to someone who is already receiving services from another clinician

• appropriate course of action depends on the nature of the services being provided by the other clinician

Ex. If seen another therapist for the same problem, you wouldn’t want to continue seeing the client

• if seeking therapy for an issue different then it would probably be acceptable to accept as a clt but want to obtain an roi to consult with the other therapist

Question 41

Standard 10.10 termination

Answer 41

• terminate therapy with the client when they’re no longer benefiting from it.
• offer pre-termination counseling and provide clients with appropriate referrals
• May terminate therapy when threatened or otherwise endangered by the client or another person within the client has a relationship with and don’t need to provide pre-etermination counseling or referrals

Can breach confidentiality. If believed they must call the police or others to protect themselves from harms

Question 42

Standard 10.05 sexual intimacies with current clients

Answer 42

• prohibits sexual relationships with current therapy clients under any circumstances

Question 43

Standard 10.08 sexual intimacies with former clients

Answer 43

• you’re not allowed to have sexual relationships with former clients for at least 2 years following termination of therapy and only in the most unusual circumstances
• Bear the burden of demonstrating sexual relationship with the former client was not exploitative and must consider the amount of time that has passed. Its therapy ended, the nature/ duration, and intensity of therapy, and circumstances of termination, clients personal history & and current mental status, likelihood of an adverse impact on the client and any statements and actions made by the therapist during the course of therapy suggesting the possibility of a post termination, sexual or romantic relationship with the client

Question 44

Standard 10.08 sexual intimacies with former clients

Answer 44

• you’re not allowed to have sexual relationships with former clients for at least 2 years following termination of therapy and only in the most unusual circumstances
• Bear the burden of demonstrating sexual relationship with the former client was not exploitative and must consider the amount of time that has passed. Its therapy ended, the nature/ duration, and intensity of therapy, and circumstances of termination, clients personal history & and current mental status, likelihood of an adverse impact on the client and any statements and actions made by the therapist during the course of therapy suggesting the possibility of a post termination, sexual or romantic relationship with the client

Question 45

Standard 10.06 sexual intimacies with relatives or significant others of current their clients

Answer 45

• prohibited from having sex with relatives and significant others of current therapy clients
• can’t terminate therapy in order to do so

Question 46

Standard 10.06 sexual intimacies with relatives or significant others of current their clients

Answer 46

• prohibited from having sex with relatives and significant others of current therapy clients
• can’t terminate therapy in order to do so

Question 47

Standard 10.07 therapy with previous sexual partners

Answer 47

• not allowed to provide therapy to previous sexual partners

Question 48

Malpractice

Answer 48

• there must be:
• Professional relationship between the therapist and client that implies a legal duty of care
• A breach of that duty by the therapist
• Harm the or injury to the client
• The harm or injury was caused by a breach in the duty
• for monetary compensation, the harm must be measurable in economic terms

Question 49

Vicarious liability

Answer 49

Ee psychologist may be legally responsible for the negligent acts of their employee or supervising

• psychologist has the authority to control the employee or supervising, the employee or supervisees conduct has deviated from the standard of care and is the cause of damage to the recipient of the services and the employee and supervisees conduct was within the scope of their designated responsibilities

Question 50

Fact witness

Answer 50

• testifies about facts: what they have observed and cannot offer an opinion

Question 51

Expert witness

Answer 51

• by reason of education or specialized experience has Superior knowledge about a subject and makes them capable of forming an accurate opinion or deducing correct conclusion
• qualified as expert witnesses by the court

Question 52

Confidentiality

Answer 52

An ethical issue and in some circumstances a legal requirement

• obligation of psychologists to protect a client from unauthorized disclosure of information revealed in the context of the therapeutic relationship

Question 53

Privilege

Answer 53

• legal concept that protects communication within the therapeutic relationship
• protects confidentiality in the context of legal proceedings
• The client or client’s legal representative is the holder of privilege: can decide whether to claim or waive privilege
• psychologist can claim privilege on behalf of the client
• privileges waived. When the client authorizes the release of information, the therapist believes the client is danger to self or others, and the client is suing the therapist for malpractice

Question 54

Subpoena

Answer 54

• legal document that requires you to appear in court or add a deposition and provide testimony, or produce documents or records or both
• when a subpoena is for documents or records, it is a subpoena ducis teecum

Question 55

Subpoena

Answer 55

• legal document that requires you to appear in court or add a deposition and provide testimony, or produce documents or records or both
• when a subpoena is for documents or records, it is a subpoena ducis teecum

Question 56

Bonding to a subpoena

Answer 56

• determine if legally valid- was it properly served
• Contact the client or client’s attorney to discuss implications of providing the requested information, if client authorizes it, you may do so, if they don’t
• If client doesn’t authorize, contact the party who issued the subpoena to see if they are willing to withdraw or limit the request
• If negotiating with requester is unsuccessful, seek guidance from the court informally by a letter or formally through a motion to quash the subpoena of protective order, if that’s unsuccessful, appear as requested
• If if you don’t have the clients authorization to release information assert privilege on the client’s behalf
• Reveal information only with the authorization of the client, the client’s legal representative or court order