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A Level Psychology- Basics > Ethics > Flashcards

Ethics Flashcards

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1
Q

Define ethics

A

The correct rules of conduct necessary when carrying out research

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2
Q

What is the BPS (2009) code?

A

Code of ethics+ conduct—- refers to people involved in psychology including clients+ research participants being treated ethically

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3
Q

Name the 4 ethical principles

A

Respect
Competence
Responsibility
Integrity

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4
Q

What do we mean by respect

A

Respect everybody regardless of who they are including cultural+ individual differences (regardless of gender, age , nationality, religion)

  • includes privacy, confidentiality, informed consent, right to withdraw
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5
Q

What do we mean by competence

A

Should be professional + work high standard- awareness of professional ethics+ ethical decisions
- must watch for impairment in performance
- keep up to date regarding knowledge and developments in area

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6
Q

What do we mean by responsibility

A
  • value our responsibility to general public + profession ans scinece of psych to avoid distress
  • keep a look out for malpractice+ must monitor participants mental and physical health
  • assurance of RTW (does not depend on financial recompense) - debriefing
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7
Q

What do we mean by integrity

A

Psychologists should be honest, accurate, fair in their interactions with everyone
- conflicts in roles must be identified, clear personal boundaries- between client + participants
- look at misconduct- should be no deceit

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of informed consent

A

1)Presumptive consent
2) Prior general consent
3) Retrospective consent

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9
Q

What is presumptive consent

A

Getting consent from similar groups of people and deem it as acceptable for other groups

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10
Q

What is prior general consent

A

Participants give their permission to take part in numerous studies- including ones involving deception

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11
Q

What is Retrospective consent

A

Participants are asked for their consent (during debrief) already having taken part in study

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12
Q

How do we deal with deception and protection from harm

A
  • need to give them debrief, RTW + access to support services
  • participants reassured about their behaviour + told about true aim of research
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13
Q

How do we deal with confidentiality

A

Pseudonyms, initials, numbers

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14
Q

What is risk management

A

1) Ethics Committee review your research to see if it is ethically/morally right
2) risk assessments have to be considered after submitting proposal—- weighs up the balance of long term gains vs short term risks

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15
Q

What are the 4 solutions to manage risks

A

Avoidance
Mitigation
Transfer
Acceptance

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16
Q

What is avoidance in managing risks

A

Avoid the risk completely

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17
Q

What is mitigation in managing risks

A

Reduce the risk as far as possible

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18
Q

What is transfer in managing risks

A

Transfer the risk e.g. using insurance against risk

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19
Q

What is acceptance in managing risks

A

Accept and budget the risk

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20
Q

In psychology which solutions do we use to manage risks

A

Avoidance and mitigation because the others break ethical conduct (avoiding harm)

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21
Q

What are the Research Ethics committee

A
  • group of people within research institution- approve study before it begins
  • they are concerned with dignity, rights and welfare of the research participants- the main aim is to see if participants are protected
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22
Q

Name the 7 ethical issues

A

1) Confidentiality and anonymity
2) Deception
3)Informed consent
4)Right to withdraw
5)Protection from harm
6)privacy
7)Debrief

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23
Q

Define Confidentiality and anonymity

A

Keep participant private so they are anonymised and not possible to be identifiable

Use number, initiLs, pseudonyms etc

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24
Q

Confidentiality and anonymity- from the participants point of view?

A
  • will be safe
  • less likely to show social desirability
  • legal right (GDPR)
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25
Q

Confidentiality and anonymity- from the researchers point of view?

A

Will have honest participants therefore research will be valid and truthful

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26
Q

Deception- from the participants point of view

A

Can’t give full informed consent

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27
Q

Deception- from the researchers point of view

A
  • can deceive if you debrief
  • May want to deceive participants because of demand characteristics (guess aim of study and chnage behaviour)
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28
Q

Define informed consent

A

The participant is aware of research, duration, purpose, and benefits+ risks, what is expected of them and where the info will be used and that they have the right to withdraw

Can be written+ implied+ parental consent

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29
Q

Informed consent from participants point of view

A

Allows them to be aware of research and what they will be participating in+ If they are willing- physically and mentally aware without coercion

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30
Q

Informed consent from the researchers point of view

A
  • morally right+ safe
  • participant has sufficient knowledge and comprehension
  • downfall= demand characteristics
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31
Q

Define right to withdraw

A
  • all participants have RTW at any moment
  • can decline to take part and can ask data to be destroyed
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32
Q

Right to withdraw from participants point of view

A

Right to withdraw is compromised- might not get the money by the end

33
Q

Right to withdraw from the researchers point of view

A

Participants can ask for data to be destroyed
- will have a biased and motivated sample as you won’t be able to generalise- results won’t be representative of whole society

34
Q

Define protection from harm

A

No participant should be exposed to psychological or physical distress more than their everyday life
- can’t ask questions which may distress them

35
Q

Protection from harm researchers point of view

A

Sometimes it’s impossible to estimate the harm an experiment may cause

36
Q

Define privacy

A

No participant should be exposed to psychological or physical distress more than their everyday life
- can’t ask questions which may distress them

37
Q

Define privacy interms of participants

A
  • they have right to control the flow of information about themselves
  • invasion of privacy= included as a way of psychological harm- should use pseudonyms
38
Q

Define privacy from participants point of view

A
  • consider where research takes place- you don’t always need to consider privacy e g. If in public setting
39
Q

Define debrief

A
  • happens at the end of research
  • have to remind them of the aim/ true original aim
  • where the info will go/ be used
  • right to withdraw
  • give them contact details of lead researcher to ask any questions etc.
  • access to support services
  • HAVE to do if participant is deceived
40
Q

Debrief in terms of participant

A

Have to get informed consent- so will be aware of research and its purpose

41
Q

Debrief in terms of researcher

A

Allows for deception if we give participant a full and detailed debrief

42
Q

Deception definition

A

Experiment should not lead participants as to purpose of research
Need a debrief is deception is necessary to make study valid and reliable

43
Q

What is a lab experiment?

A

Experiment where researcher directly manipulates IV and does this in a controlled environment
E.g controlling noise, temp, space

44
Q

Characteristics of a lab experiment

A

Controlled environment
Artificial
Standardised procedure
Iv manipulated
Dv measured
Gathers quantitative
High control over EVs

45
Q

Definition of field experiment

A

Experiment where researcher directly manipulates the IV and does this in a natural environment
E.g. school, shopping centre etc.

46
Q

Characteristics of Field experiment

A

Natural environment
Standardised procedure
IV manipulated
DV measured
Gathers quantitative+ qualitative data
Lack of control over EVs

47
Q

Define experiment

A

Scientific procedure undertaken to test hypothesis in order to demonstrate casual relationships

48
Q

Strengths of lab experiments

A

-cause and effect can be established
- high degree of control= high level of replication and consistency= high internal reliability

49
Q

Strengths of field experiments

A

-higher level of ecological validity
- higher external validity
- reduces demand characteristics

50
Q

Weaknesses of lab experiments

A
  • lacks ecological validity
  • higher chance of demand characteristics
51
Q

Weaknesses of field experiment

A

-less control over extraneous variables- lower internal validity
- Lower level of replication

52
Q

What is independant variable

A

The variable that is manipulated/ changed. Cause

53
Q

What is dependant variable

A

Variable that is measured. Effect

54
Q

Operationalisation meanning

A

Making the variable measurable and more specific so that other researchers can replicate study easily

55
Q

Why do psychologists want to control all variables

A

If extraneous variables are not controlled the validity of experiment will be questioned and a cause and effect relationship cannot be proven between iv and dv

56
Q

What do scientists try to investigate

A

To see if manipulating one variable will result in a change in another variable-

57
Q

Why do psychologists try to control extraneous variables

A

So they don’t become confounding variables

58
Q

What is an experimental group

A

The group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested (IV)

59
Q

What is the control group

A

The group that does not receive any experimental treatment- are treated normally and used as a comparison group- a baseline measure

60
Q

What does objectivity mean

A

Factual, unbiased, not affected by personal experience or that of researcher

61
Q

What does subjectivity mean

A

The quality of being influenced by personal perspectives, feelings or preferences

62
Q

What does inter rater reliability mean

A

Extent to which different assessors will arrive at the same conclusion when diagnosing the same patient— consistency

63
Q

What does test re test reliability mean

A

Way of assessing the external reliability of research tool– degree to which test scores remain unchanged when measuring a stable individual characteristic on different occasions

64
Q

What does internal validity mean (construct validity)?

A

Asks whether a measure successfully measures the concept it is supposed to accurately

65
Q

What does internal validity mean (concurrent validity)?

A

Shows you the extent of the agreement between two measures or assessments taken at the same time—- extent to which psychological measure relates to an existing similar measure and obtains close results

66
Q

What does external validity mean (ecological)?

A

Extent to which your study is true to life– where the results of the study can be generalised (to real life setting)

67
Q

What does mundane realism mean? (Task validity)

A

Degree to which the materials and procedures involved in experiments are similar to events— that occur in real life

68
Q

What does predictive validity mean

A

Ability of a test or other measurement to predict a future outcome

69
Q

What does generalisability mean

A

Extent to which the findings of a study can be applicable to other settings/ measure of how useful the results of a study are for a broader group of people or situations

70
Q

What does population validity mean

A

Whether you can reasonably generalise the finding from your sample to a larger group of people- the population

71
Q

What does experimenter effect mean

A

The tendency on the part of the experimenter/ researcher to influence the participant/interpret data or finding to arrive at the results they are seeking to obtain- typically done subconsciously or consciously

72
Q

What is demand characteristics

A

Participants from interpretation of the experiments purpose– try to guess aim of experiment

73
Q

What is controlling extraneous variables

A

Any variable that you’re not investigating that can potentially affect the outcome of your research study

74
Q

What is confounding variables

A

It is extraneous variables that are not controlled in the study and therefore affect results, acts like another Iv

75
Q

What does counter balancing mean

A

A technique used to deal with other effects when using a repeated measures design— e.g. testing group one with one IV first testing group 2 with one IV first and then swapping to see if it makes a difference which way round its done

76
Q

What does randomisation

A

Ways pf controlling for the effects of extraneous/ confounding variables

77
Q

What does order effects mean

A

Differences in research participants responses that result from the order (1,2,3) in which the experimental materials are presented to them—- occurs here participants responses in the various conditions are affected by the order of conditions to which they were exposed

78
Q

What does credibility mean

A

The believability of information– can be based on the background where the experiment comes from

79
Q

What does experimenter biased

A

Tendency of a scientist or a researcher to introduce bias into an experiment e.g. manipulating results, choosing participants knowingly

A Level Psychology- Basics (2 decks)

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