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Philosophy > Ethics > Flashcards

Ethics Flashcards

1
Q

Ethics

A
  • investigates the basic principles of ‘right’ and ‘wrong’, and our understanding of ‘good’ and ‘evil’
  • all the grey areas too
  • sometimes referred to as moral philosophy (from L. mores)
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2
Q

Metaethics

A
  • “where do morals come from?”
  • “Is it possible to have multiple answers to this question?”
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3
Q

Normative Ethics

A

“Is it the consequences or the intention of the action that matters more?”

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4
Q

Applied Ethics

A

How do we take Metaethics and Normative Ethics and apply it in situations

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5
Q

3 Types of Relativism

A
  1. egoistic relativism
  2. social relativism
  3. metaethical relativism
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6
Q

Egoistic Relativism

A
  • Get your sense of right and wrong from your own lived experience and understanding of things
  • Problem: We don’t live in isolation
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7
Q

relativism

A

you decide what is right and wrong based on situation

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8
Q

Social relativism

A

Get idea of right and wrong from group that you belong to

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9
Q

Relativism - Modus vivem d

A
  • latin for way of life
  • coming to a Modus vivem d where everyone lives in harmony and go about their lives
  • if you break those rules you know what the consequences are
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10
Q

Revaltivism - Incommensurable plurclism

A
  • Many ways of looking at right and wrong
  • the idea that it will likely not be possible to come to a universal ethic
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11
Q

Metaethical Relativism

A
  • We probably should
  • the improbability of a universal principle
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12
Q

4 types of ethical/moral Grounding

A
  • metaphysical
  • naturalistic
  • sociological
  • rationalistic
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13
Q

Moral grounding - metaphysical

A
  • Relies on higher power/reglin to know what is right and wrong
  • Rooted in religion/spirituality
  • Problem: If there is a God there is no need for ethics.
  • Rebuttal” Not true, we must interpret religious texts in order to know what is right and wrong
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14
Q

Moral grounding - naturalistic

A
  • Look at what happens in nature
  • Science and nature
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15
Q

Hume’s Guillotine

A
  • How do we move from ‘is’ to ‘ought to be’?
  • Just bc something is a certain way doesn’t mean it should be
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16
Q

moral grounding - sociological

A

Get your idea of right and wrong from the societies/groups you belong to

17
Q

moral grounding - rationalistic

A
  • Uses pure reason as the way of determining right and wrong
  • No emotions
18
Q

normative system - consequentialist

A
  • The right thing is determined by the consequences. Intention doesn’t matter
  • Bentham
19
Q

determinism

A
  • no free will
  • Our choices are made from forces outside ourselves
  • Fate
  • Problem: If everything is already deteminded than we can use it as an excuse
20
Q

scientific determinism

A

Science determines what we do

21
Q

Fate

A

end is determined

22
Q

Libertarianism

A
  • Beliefs in freewill
  • We are held accountable for our action
  • future is open to possibility
23
Q

Compatibilism

A
  • determinism & libertarianism
  • Limit to free will, can’t will ourselves into existence
24
Q

priori

A

known before

25
Q

Normative system - Deontology

A
  • acting with a sense of duty, do the moral thing regardless of the outcome
  • Kant’s method
26
Q

Kant’s Categorical Imperative

A
  1. Identify rule/maxim
  2. Imagine/assume a world where that rule is applied universally with no exception
  3. Question if it creates a contradiction/problem
  4. If so, immoral
    if not, moral! :)

suggests a universal moral principle based on reason

27
Q

Major Normative Systems of Ethics

A
  • Deontology
  • Consequentialism
  • Virtue Ethics
28
Q

Hedonic Calculus

A

formula to measure relative pain and relative pleasure

29
Q

six criteria for the Hedonic Calculus

A
  1. intensity— high the better
  2. duration— longer the better
  3. certainty— more certain the better
  4. propinquity— sooner the better
  5. fecundity— more production the better
  6. purity— lower the better
    - extent (added by John Stuart Mill)— moral value increases with the more peopled benefited
30
Q

utilitarianism

A

Bentham’s philosophy came to be known as the greatest good for the greater number

31
Q

Hedonic Calculus Problem

A

How do you know the moral you’re using as a standard is actually moral

32
Q

Normative System - Virtue Ethics

A
  • what kind of person am I becoming?
  • Aristotle
  • patterns of actions matter more than individual situation
  • the “right action” to take is the action that someone with a generally good character would take
33
Q

Aristotle’s list of virtues

A
  1. courage
  2. temperance
  3. high-mindedness
  4. wit
  5. liberality
  6. friendliness
  7. right ambition
  • each virtue listed is what he called golden mean, middle ground of 2 extremes
34
Q

phronesis

A

the master virtue is practical wisdom

35
Q

social darwinism

A

has been used to justify slavery and cultural exploitation

36
Q

the golden mean between rashness and cowardice is…

A

courage

37
Q

naturalistic issues

A
  • While there is good things there are also bad things
  • Avoiding social Darwinism
  • Groups are stronger and other groups are seen as weaker and it’s made to seem natural
38
Q

golden mean of obsequiousness and cantankerousness

A

friendliness

39
Q

extremes of friendliness

A

obsequiousness and cantankerousness

Philosophy (9 decks)

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