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Philosophy > Epistemology/Aesthetics > Flashcards

Epistemology/Aesthetics Flashcards

1
Q

epistemology word history

A
  • episteme (epistemo): knowledge
  • logos (logy): rational study
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2
Q

knowledge provides…

A

… basis for belief
- connects epistemology to metaphysics and ethics

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3
Q

Siddhartha (Buddha) (6th BCE)

A

suggests you question everything

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4
Q

Kongfuzi (Confucius) (6th BCE)

A

knowledge is realizing that you do not know something when you don’t know it, and you do when you do

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5
Q

skepticism

A
  • Western philosophy
  • questioning the reliability of knowledge
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6
Q

When Descartes questions his own existence he comes to the conclusion

A

think therefore i am (cogito ergo sum)

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7
Q

Greek thought influenced by…

A

religious/academic traditions of near and far east

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8
Q

East Indian Philosophy: Six darshanas

A

one belief shared by many darshanas is samsara

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9
Q

philosophical schools

A

group of people that think one thing

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10
Q

Samsara

A
  • which describes journey towards liberation
  • leads to asceticism + self discipline
  • by 4th BCE influence had spread to Syria, Egypt, Macedonia—where Greeks were likely introduced to it
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11
Q

Pythagoras’s influences

A
  • travelled to Egypt
  • captured by the Persians
  • studied under ascetic Hindu Brahmins
  • likely exposed to and became familiar with tenets of Buddhism and Hinduism—led to his belief in reincarnation, one of the main implications of which is innate knowledge
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12
Q

rationalism

A
  • plato
  • everything we know is outside of our perception
  • rationalists maintain the idea that we enter the world with innate knowledge
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13
Q

empiricism

A
  • plato
  • everything we come to know is through our own experiences
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14
Q

Plato (427 – 347 BCE)

A
  • also travelled to Egypt
  • division between knowledge and belief
  • according to the Allegory of the Cave, Plato believed that perception through the senses was a very low level of awareness
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15
Q

anemnesis

A

belief that we come into the world with capacity of everything and just needs to be filled and recognized again

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16
Q

we acquire additional or higher knowledge through

A

reason

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17
Q

aristotle’s tabula rasa

A

blank slate idea

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18
Q

Aristotle’s essence/form

A

rejected separation between essence/form and object itself

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19
Q

Aristotle’s observation

A

tirelessly observed and changed characteristics of objects

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20
Q

Aristotle’s experience accumulation

A

direct observation leads to accumulation of experience

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21
Q

Aristotle’s generalizations

A

mind works on observations to arrive at generalizations

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22
Q

Aristotle’s 1st principles

A

Observations form the basis of understanding in each natural science

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23
Q

Aristotle’s empiricism

A

empiricism = sense perception + experimentation + experience

24
Q

Aristotle’s posteriori knowledge

A

knowledge obtained a posteriori (knowledge after)

25
Q

Plato’s Justified Belief

A
  • used to be that if something was true and you believed it you know it
  • Plato introduced the idea of evidence/justification
26
Q

A Modern Modification

A
  • the Gettier case
  • the fourth requirement
27
Q

the 4th requirement

A

justification cannot be based upon a false statement

28
Q

Rationalism in the Renaissance

A
  • relies fully on reasoning
  • Descartes considered the senses to be deceptive
  • by following a process of deductive reasoning he moved from absolute doubt to fundamental propositions
29
Q

Empiricism in the Enlightenment

A

British empiricists believe that the mind is a blank slate (tabula rasa)

30
Q

John Locke (1632 – 1704)

A
  • no such thing as innate knowledge
  • all knowledge can be traced back to our own experiences
  • when asked to account for variability and the Platonic idea that the senses deceive, Locke provides two kinds of quality: primary/secondary qualities
31
Q

primary qualities

A

objective, and unchangeable (shape, solidity, extension, motion, number)

32
Q

secondary qualities

A

a matter of subjectivity (quantitative factors, “the room is hot,” colour, sound, touch, taste, smell)

33
Q

“Whatever is in any way beautiful hath its source of beauty in itself, and is complete in itself; praise forms no part of it. So it is none the worse nor the better for being praised.” - Marcus Aurelius

A

Beauty has its source within itself and is self-contained, unaffected by praise

34
Q

“Pulcra sunt quae visa placent”

A
  • St. Thomas Aquinas
  • “Beauty is that which is pleasing to the eye.”
35
Q

Classical conception of beauty

A
  • Beauty consists of an arrangement of integral parts into a coherent whole, characterized by proportion, harmony, symmetry, and similar notions.
  • Embodied in classical and neo-classical architecture, sculpture, literature, and music.
36
Q

Aristotle on Metaphysics in Aesthetics

A
  • a living creature
  • Order, symmetry, and definiteness are chief forms of beauty.
  • Mathematical sciences demonstrate these forms of beauty.
37
Q

Plato’s perspective on beauty

A

related to intelligence, goodness (Greek word: kalos), and can lead to knowledge.

38
Q

18th-century thinkers on beauty

A
  • pleasure and delight it brings to the senses.
  • elicits agreeable sensations when seen, heard, or understood.
39
Q

Plato’s view on beauty and knowledge

A

Beauty is connected to intelligence and can lead to knowledge.

40
Q

aesthetic judgement

A
  • whether or not you think it is aesthetically pleasing,

Classical opinion:
- absolute beauty occurs in nature and cannot be recreated, natures beauty stands outside of human’s opinions
- subjective (up to everyone’s opinion) beauty occurs in art

41
Q

aesthetic experience

A
  • when you judge something, you experience it
  • Schopenhauer: it is a “freeing” feeling that accompanies the experience
42
Q

Baumgarten’s view

A

separating the art from the artist, they are separate

43
Q

Hegel

A
  • we still need art, and will always need art, as long as there are science questions that has not been answered
  • art is a language that speaks to us in away no other language can
44
Q

Nietzche’s Apollonian vs. Dionysian

A
  • Ways of categorizing art
  • apollonian: stylized/restrained
  • dionysian: chaotic/dynamic
45
Q

Plato & the Theory of Eternal Form

A
  • artist can only make copies of the original
  • The original is unable to be made
  • although it could be an original work of art, it is not original within its self
46
Q

Mimesis

A

Imitation: an attempt at representing human experience

47
Q

Aristotle’s Catharsis

A

a “cleansing” feeling that comes from art – elicits feelings of pity/fear

48
Q

The Sublime

A

the feeling of awe, fear, pleasure, pain – in varying degrees

49
Q

asceticism

A

lack of possessions

50
Q

Plato claims knowledge is…

A

Justified True Belief

51
Q

3 components to knowledge

A
  1. Truth: statement has to be true
  2. Belief: you have to believe it
  3. Justification: “
52
Q

Beauty is…

A

Diversity harmonized

53
Q

The Symposium

A

expresses an experience of beauty as perfect unity.

54
Q

Plato was a ________ in classical culture

A

Dissident

55
Q

Kalos

A

Greek word for ‘beauty’ and ‘goodness’

56
Q

Beauty can lead to…

A

Knowledge

Philosophy (9 decks)

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