Ethics

Question 1

Ethics definition we use in this class

Answer 1

the formal process of intentionally and critically
analyzing the basis for your moral judgments for clarity and consistency. Ethics
evaluates actions and behaviors

Question 2

Morals definition

Answer 2

refers to your own personal moral choices and beliefs
based on your upbringing, faith traditions, and experiences

Question 3

Conscience definition

Answer 3

Conscience is based on an individual’s moral values: an inner feeling or voice acting as a
guide to the rightness or wrongness of one’s behavior

Question 4

Integrity definition

Answer 4

Integrity is firm adherence to a strong moral code, acting in accordance with one’s beliefs,
and being honest; the opposite of hypocrisy

Question 5

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 5

discomfort experienced when two cognitions – thoughts, beliefs, ideas – are incompatible with each
other

Question 6

What makes a job a “profession”?

Answer 6

Specialized knowledge and skill, extensive education and training and practical application, responsibility

Question 7

Unprofessional behavior

Answer 7

behavior that is not in keeping with the standards expected in a specific position

Question 8

What are the 5 ADA professional principles?

Answer 8

AUTONOMY,
VERACITY,
BENEFICENCE,
NON-MALEFICENCE,
JUSTICE

Question 9

What is autonomy?

Answer 9

Self-governance and self-determination

Professional autonomy=doctors choose their own treatments, also hold each other to high standards

Question 10

What is veracity?

Answer 10

Honesty, truthfulness

Question 11

What is beneficience?

Answer 11

Do good: quality and competent care, maintain integrity

Question 12

What is non-maleficence?

Answer 12

Do no harm

Question 13

What is Justice

Answer 13

Fairness, not always equal

Question 14

Ethical decision matrix

Answer 14

1. What is the question?
2. What is my “gut reaction”?
3. What are the facts?
4. Who are the stakeholders? 5. What are my options?
5. What should I do?
6. What justifies my choice?
7. How can I prevent this problem in the future?

Question 15

Bad arguments: adhominem

Answer 15

attacking the person, not the argument

A common form is an attack on sincerity. For example, “How can you argue for vegetarianism when you wear leather shoes ?” The two wrongs make a right fallacy is related.

A variation (related to Argument By Generalization) is to attack a whole class of people. For example, “Evolutionary biology is a sinister tool of the materialistic, atheistic religion of Secular Humanism.”

Question 16

Bad arguments: Straw Man

Answer 16

arguing against an exaggerated and/or incorrect version of the opponent’s case

For example, the claim that “evolution means a dog giving birth to a cat.”

Another example: “Senator Jones says that we should not fund the attack submarine program. I disagree entirely. I can’t understand why he wants to leave us defenseless like that.”

Question 17

Bad arguments: appeal to fear

Answer 17

(Scare Tactics): opponent is wrong because if he is right, bad things will happen

For example: God must exist, because a godless society would be lawless and dangerous.
Or: the defendant in a murder trial must be found guilty, because otherwise husbands will be encouraged to murder their wives.

Question 18

Bad arguments: False dichotomy

Answer 18

incorrectly painting the scenario as only black or white

assuming there are only two alternatives when in fact there are more.

For example, assuming Atheism is the only alternative to Fundamentalism,

or being a traitor is the only alternative to being a loud patriot.

Question 19

Bad arguments: Burden of Proof

Answer 19

claiming that one is right because the opposition has not proven themselves right

Essentially the arguer claims that he should win by default if his opponent can’t make a strong enough case

Question 20

Bad Arguments: Appealing to Emotions or Power

Answer 20

Pity, anger, guilt, yelling – anything other than reason

“You’ll burn in hell!” Anger
“I’m suffering here, how can you argue with me?” Pity

Question 21

Bad arguments: Begging the question

Answer 21

circular reasoning. The thing to be proved is used as one of your assumptions.

“I will avoid fluoride because I don’t want to get cancer”)

“We must have a death penalty to discourage violent crime

Question 22

Bad arguments: Argument from authority

Answer 22

Famous or important people said it “so it might be right”

Question 23

Bad arguments: correlation vs causation

Answer 23

Sunburns and firework injuries are high on forth of july. Therefore sunburns cause firework injuries!

Question 24

Bad arguments: slippery slope fallacy

Answer 24

the occurrence of one event will lead to an occurrence of another, much more reprehensible
event

Question 25

Bad arguments: sounds good

Answer 25

Just cuz it sounds reasonable doesnt mean it’s right

Question 26

Bad arguments: “what about…?”

Answer 26

Distraction and changing subject; bringing up a second topic and pretending it is relevant