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MIDTERMS > ETHICS 1 > Flashcards

ETHICS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

“Emotions and inclinations must be checked by
reason because otherwise they become our
dominant motives and produce a heteronomous
state of will”

● Not all inclinations are hostile to reason’s moral
ends; thus, not all inclinations must be fought or
suppressed

A

UNDERSTANDING THE MORAL RELEVANCE OF FEELING OR EMOTION IN DECISION - MAKING

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2
Q

DUTY - FEELINGS:

1.) - based on good will

2.) - duty to correct what is not ought
to be done

3.) - duty towards others
based on what is ought to be done because it is
good

4.) self worth

A

1.) Moral Feeling
2.) Conscience
3.) Love of others
4.) Self Respect

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2
Q

Cultivating morally beneficial feelings…

● Duty - feelings
● Dignity - feelings, and
● Helping feelings

A

FEELINGS

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3
Q

● Feelings which stem from a recognition of our
unconditional worth

● Pride, courage, love of honor, and the workings
of conscience - serve primarily though not
exclusively, to help us carry out our duties
towards ourselves

A

DIGNITY - FEELINGS

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4
Q

● Feelings which helps us carry out our duties
toward others - notably sympathy, love, and
respect for others

A

HELPING FEELINGS

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5
Q

Axiology is the study of values

● Values determine behavior
● They influence decision - making
● Common sources of values are one’s personal
experiences and relationships with others

A

VALUES

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6
Q

Beliefs that influence people’s behaviors and decision making
○ E.g. telling the truth; being honest

● Values can refer to objects, people, places, and
behaviors

A

VALUES

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7
Q

Values are a culture’s standard for discerning what is

A

● Good or bad
● Right and wrong
● Beautiful and ugly
● Desirable and undesirable
● What ought to perform and not to perform

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8
Q

● Developed by philosopher Max Scheler

● Values are the intentional objects of feelings,
qualities given originally in the “feeling of
something”

● Prioristic character of values is ordered in rank,
from the lowest to highest called the Scheler’s
Hierarchy of Values

A

IMPORTANT THEORY OF VALUES

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9
Q

● Filipinos strive to obtain fulfillment not only
individually but also collectively, particularly for
their families

A

FILIPINO VALUES

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10
Q
  • he arranged Filipino values in a hierarchy, from the
    basic level at the bottom to the higher level of
    values at the top
A

Thomas Quintin Donato Andres (1980)

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11
Q

● The basic and most important unit in
Philippine Society is the family
● Filipinos emphasize the importance of close
family ties which remain even throughout
adulthood

A

Closeness in the Family

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12
Q

● This value caused utang-na-loob in Filipino
reflects the value of reciprocity among
Filipinos

● It refers to the value in which one remembers
the favor other people has given to him or her
and for him or her to return it in some form or
another in the future

A

Debt of Gratitude

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13
Q

● Among Filipinos, social approval, social
acceptance, and the sense of belongingness
are essential to enable them to function in
society.

A

Social Acceptance

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14
Q

● Filipinos work hard for the comfort of their
families

● Some Filipinos even opt to work abroad even as
domestic helpers just so they can provide for
their loved ones

A

Social Mobility

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15
Q

● This is the value of the highest level among
Filipinos

● It refers to high regard for amor proprio
(self-esteem) or the strong desire to be
respected

A

Self-esteem

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16
Q

Humans have not only feelings, emotions or
values but also have ________, and ______plays
a vital role in Ethics.

A

Reasons

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17
Q

● It is the basis or motive of an action, decision or
conviction

● Refers to the capacity for logical, rational, and
analytic thought for consciously making sense
of things

● Establishing and verifying facts, applying
common sense and logic

A

REASON

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18
Q

● Defined as the principle of fairness or objectivity

● One is free from any biases or favoritism

● Requires that one is not swayed by any
circumstances or factor to favor an individual

A

Impartiality

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19
Q

SEVEN - STEP GUIDE TO ETHICAL DECISION - MAKING

1.)
● Ask yourself if there is something about this
decision that makes you uncomfortable

2.)
● Examine the situation carefully

3.)
● Identify the people involved, policies, and other

4.)
● Explore all options
● Be imaginative

5.)
Harm Test, Defensibility test, reversibility test, organization test

6.)
Make a choice

7.)
Review

A

1.) State the problem
2.) Check the facts
3.) Identify relevant factors
4.) Develop a list of options
5.) Test options

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20
Q

● These are ethical theories that emphasize virtues of
mind and moral character over duties and the
consequences of actions.

A

VIRTUE ETHICS

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21
Q

ethics focused on the
outcomes or consequences of actions

A

Consequentialism

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22
Q

ethics based on following rules or
duties, regardless of outcomes.

A

Deontology

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23
Q

are reliable habits that you engrave into
your identity — habits that transform and direct
you towards what’s good.

A

Virtue

24
Q

BREAKING DOWN VIRTUES:

A

Feelings
Thinking
Seeing
Acting

25
Q

● This focuses on the purpose and meaning of human
life.

● It is a moral philosophy specifying that the ultimate
goal of an individual is eudaimonia

can be achieved by a lifetime practice
of wisdom and virtues in everyday activities

A

EUDAIMONISM

26
Q

● It is a normative ethical theory that believes moral
actions are centered on the virtues of care and
benevolence.

● It is a feminist philosophical perspective which
views morality and decision-making as relational
and context-bound

A

CARE ETHICS

27
Q

● The two main proponents of agent-based approach
are: Michael Slote and Linda Zagzebski.

● According to them, virtue ethics are based on
common-sense ideas of admirable traits

A

AGENT-BASED APPROACH

28
Q

KINDS OF VIRTUE:
1.)
● Excellence in performing one’s function, acquired by
learning, and requiring experience and time.

2.)
● The result of good habit or practice.

3.)
● The good that is never valued or desired for its
own sake and only for the sake of something
else.
● This is the good that is used to attain other things
that are good.

4.)
● The good which is valued for its own sake and
never for the sake of something else. Happiness is
an example.

A

1.) INTELLECTUAL VIRTUE

2.) MORAL VIRTUE

3.) INSTRUMENTAL GOOD

4.) INTRINSIC GOOD

29
Q

ASPECTS OF ARISTOTLE’S VIRTUE ETHICS:

1.)
means “practical wisdom”.
○ It is an on-the-spot ability to see what
the good is in a particular situation and
how to achieve it

2.)
● Virtue is a way of being that lies in the middle of two
or more polar extremes, both of which are
considered vices.

3.)
● One good deed isn’t enough: making goodness is
an everyday practice.
● Virtue isn’t just a stable habit; instead

A

1.) PHRONESIS: THE ART OF GOOD JUDGMENT
2.) THE MIDDLE PATH BETWEEN EXTREMES
3.) VIRTUE MUST BE PRACTICED REPEATEDLY

30
Q

1.)
● These are called the gentleman
or the nobleman. Serves as a model of
moral behavior for society

2.)
● In contrast, it represents
selfishness, small-mindedness, and
focused on personal gain.

3.)
has two meanings in Confucian ethics:
● Master virtue - having ren
means possessing all other
virtues, making one a junzi.

● Specific virtue - Ren
represents benevolence or
humaneness

4.)
● Propriety or the proper way of
behaving, speaking, and
dressing in various social
situations.
● Originally related to religious
rites and court ceremonies, it
now encompasses proper
conduct in all aspects of life

A

1.) Junzu
2.) Xiaoren
3.) Jen or Ren
4.) LI

31
Q

1.)
● Refers to reciprocity and aligns
with the Golden Rule.
● “Do not do unto others
what you do not want
others to do unto you.”
● mutual respect and
consideration in interaction with
others.

2.)
● Refers to showing love, respect,
and devotion to one’s family,
especially towards parents.
● It emphasizes children’s duty
to respect, care for, and honor
their parents

3.)
● Refers to culture and the
cultivation of artistic and
cultural appreciation.

4.)
means righteousness and
refers to an inner sense of what
is right and wrong.
● It acts like a conscience or a
moral compass

5.)
● means sincerity, emphasizing
honesty and trustworthiness in
both speech and actions.

keeps their
promises, is truthful in
expressing thoughts

A

1.) SHU
2.) XIAO
3.) WEN
4.) YI
5.) HSIN

32
Q

● Was born in the 13th century to a noble family in the
small town of Roccasecca, near Aquino, Italy, in
what was then the Kingdom of Sicily.

● A Dominican priest who was considered as a great
philosopher and classical proponent of natural
theology during the period of Scholasticism.

A

ST. THOMAS AQUINAS

33
Q

● Law is an ordinance of reason for the common good
made to regulate the actions of the community.

● According to Aquinas, law is “a certain rule and
measure of acts whereby man is induced to act
or is restrained from acting.

A

NATURE LAW

34
Q

KINDS OF LAW:

1.)
According to St. Thomas
Aquinas, this is the law that
exists because of God’s divine
providence

2.)
It indicates the system of right
or justice held to be common to
all humans and derived from
nature

3.)
It is derived from eternal law as it
appears to humans, especially
through revelation.

4.)
It is enacted and enforced in
society.

Most people are kept from crime
by fear of the law.

A

1.) Eternal Law
2.) Natural Law
3.) Divine Law
4.) Human Law

35
Q

● It is the law to do good and avoid evil.

A

NATURAL LAW ETHICS

36
Q

THREE ENDS OF HUMAN BEING

A

To preserve life
To reproduce
To belong in society

37
Q

1.)
● St. Thomas Aquinas believes that the conscience
has two parts:

2.)
Virtue of making correct judgements

A

1.) Syndresis and Conscientia

2.) Prudence

38
Q

THREE MAIN CATEGORIES OF VIRTUES:

1.)
Help perfect the discipline of
the mind.
The virtue of understanding
gives one the ability to properly
discern why something is right or
why something is wrong.

2.)
Are the habits that make one a
good person. They equip an
individual with the will to always
choose what is good.

3.)
In theology and Christian
philosophy are the qualities
associated with enlightenment
resulting from the grace of God

A

1.) Intellectual Virtue
2.) Moral Virtue
3.) Theological Virtue

39
Q

a German philosopher who lived during the Age of
Enlightenment.

● Considered to be one of the most important
thinkers of modern Europe, his influence on
Western thought is dynamic

He was the major inspiration for German idealism and His most prominent works are the Critique of
Pure Reason and the Critique of Practical
Reason

A

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

40
Q

● A prominent field of study that continues to be
intensively explored by many scholars
also used to refer to the contemporary philosophical perspective in continental philosophy.

A

KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY

41
Q

1.)
Kantian ethics is often thought to be
deontological in nature.

2.)
an approach to ethics that focuses on the
rightness or wrongness of actions themselves. At times described as duty-based
ethics

A

1.) THEORY OF DEONTOLOGY
2.) DEONTOLOGY

42
Q

the action that remains good regardless of the circumstance. “KANT”

● The concept of “will” pertains to motivation
behind an action that can be controlled

A

THEORY OF GOODWILL

43
Q

● The philosophical concept of the categorical
imperative has been formulated on the basis of the
concept of good will.

● This concept pertains to the way of evaluating
motivation

A

THEORY OF CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE

44
Q

1.)
“Act in such a way that you
treat humanity, whether in your
own person or in the person of
any other, never merely as a
means to an end, but always at
the same time as an end.”

2.)
“The third practical principle
follows [from the first two] as the
ultimate condition of their
harmony with practical reason:
the idea of the will of every
rational being as a universally
legislating will”

3.)
“Act according to the maxims of
a universally legislating member
of a merely possible kingdom of
ends.”

A

1.) Formula of humanity
2.) Formula of autonomy
3.) Kingdom of ends formulation

45
Q

● 1748 - 1832
● An english philosopher, political radical, and legal
and social reformer of the early modern period
● Founder of utilitarianism;

A

JEREMY BENTHAM

46
Q

● The Principles of Morals and Legislation

● His formulation of utilitarianism was first
expounded.

● He evaluated actions based on relevant
consequences, which in particular, are the
overall happiness that extends to everyone who
is affected by the action

A

BENTHAM’S WORK

47
Q

● Calculate the amount of pleasure that a person
may gain from a particular action.

A

Felicific calculus

48
Q

1.)
How soon will the pleasure
occur?

2.)
The probability that the action
will be followed by sensations
of the same kind

3.)
The probability that it will not
be followed by sensations of
the opposite kind

4.)
How many people will be
affected?

A

1.) Propinquity
2.) Fecundity
3.) Purity
4.) Extent

49
Q

● 1806 - 1873

● An english philosopher, political economist

● Member of the British parliament of the early
modern period

● The most influential english-speaking
philosopher and liberal thinker of the 19th
century, especially in the field of ethics and political
philosophy

A

JOHN STUART MILL

50
Q

UTILITARIANISM:
“actions are right in proportion as they tend to
promote happiness, and wrong as they tend to
produce the reverse of happiness

A

MILL’S WORK

51
Q

● An ethical theory
● States that the rightness or wrongness of an
action relies on its outcomes

A

CONSEQUENTIALISM

52
Q

● Pleasure and happiness are the main aims of
human life and the highest of all intrinsic goods
achievable by humankind
● Pleasure minus pain

A

HEDONISM

53
Q

● A theory by which actions are judged to be right or
wrong according to their consequences

● Tells one to choose that which will give the greatest
amount of happiness to the greatest number of
people

A

UTILITARIANISM

54
Q

● Is derived from the Latin word jus meaning right,

● Justice means to accord each person what he or
she deserves or to give each person his or her due.

A

JUSTICE

55
Q

1)
Renders to every person
what his or her rights and
attributes to him or her what
he or she really is.

2.)
Concerned with making and
implementing decisions
according to fair
procedures that ensure fair
treatment

3.)
Renders to every person
what is his or her due by
right, what he or she does
not yet own but what he or
she is entitled to

4.)
Refers to the economic
welfare of social groups
wherein it demands a
proportionate share

5.)
The just imposition of
punishments and penalties
on those guilty of performing
wrongful act

A

1.) Attributive Justice
2.) Procedural Justice
3.) Proportional Justice
4.) Social Justice
5.) Retributive Justice

55
Q

1.)
Defines justice as
conformity to the law
and thereby reduces
the just to the legal.

2.)
Defines justice as doing
what is useful for the
social good

3.)
Holds that the natural
right is the ultimate
basis of justice.

A

1.) Positive Law theory
2.) Social Good Theory
3.) Natural Right Theory

56
Q

1.)
The just way of
compensating people for
what they lost as a result of
wrongful actions done to
them.

2.)
Directs that the exchange of
goods and services takes
place according to strict
equality of values.

3.)
Obliges the members of the
society to comply with the
demands of the common
good or the general good of
the community.

4.)
Holds the offender
accountable for the harm that
he or she has caused and to
make reparations.

5.)
Is the just or equitable
distribution of benefits
(rights and socio-economic
goods) and burdens in the
community according to
proportional equality.

A

1.) COMPENSATORY Justice
2.) COMMUTATIVE OR CONTRACTUAL JUSTICE
3.) CONTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE
4.) RESTORATIVE JUSTICE
5.) DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE

MIDTERMS (7 decks)

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