Ethical Thought Flashcards

1
Q

Briefly explain Divine Command Theory

A

Divine Command Theory is a meta-ethical(concerns itself with where “moral thought” is derived from), normative (tells people what to do) theoru and essentially stipulates that what is good is what God commands.

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2
Q

What is DCT also known as?

A

Theological Voluntarism.

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3
Q

What are some examples of commands in scripture?

A

You Shall not Murder
You shall not steal

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4
Q

Why is Divine Command theory convincing?

A

If God is the God of classical theism, then he is an objective empirical source of morality, so whatever God commands would be good.

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5
Q

What is the Euthyphro dilemna?

A

The Socratic idea of whether something is good because of an independant standard of morality, or because God commanded it. Either there is something greater thann God, or God is arbitrary.

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6
Q

What is the Pluralism Objection?

A

There are many cultures and different societys that have different ideas of what God commands, so which one should be obeyed. Evenn extends to Old vs New testament.

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7
Q

How did Robert Adams adapt the Divine command theory

A

He derived a solution to the arbitrariness problem which is that it is logically impossible for God to command cruelty, being oomnibenevolent, but he COULD command cruelty for his own sake, and we would be obliged to obey, he just doesnt and wouldnt.

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8
Q

What is a possible weakness of Adams modified divine command theory?

A

He doesnt specify if God does command something immoral just for its own sake whether or not we should obey, as to obey is to act immorally but to disobey is to abandon divine command theory.

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9
Q

Who pioneered Vritue theory

A

Aristotle.

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10
Q

What does virtue ethics focus on deciding if one is being moral, rather than the consequences of actions.

A

Character(A virtuous moral agent will always make virtuous decisions in ethical dilemnas)

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11
Q

What is the goal of life, according to Aristotle

A

Eudaimonia(Human Flourishing)

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12
Q

What is Phronesis and how is it relevant to achieving Eudaimonia

A

Phronesis is practical wisdom or prudence used to work out what is moral in a situation. If you do what is moral, you are closer to Eudaimonia.

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13
Q

Name some of the 5 intellectual virtues.

A

Science-ability to find logical truth
Art- Ability to use reason to plan ahead
Prudence or phronesis-Practical wisdom to be virtuous
Intuition-ability to grasp the first principles of truth
Wisdom- most finished and perfect form of knowledge

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14
Q

Name some of the moral virtues, as well as their excesses and deficiencies.

A

Rashness-courage-cowardice
Shyness-modesty-shamelessness
However, only someone who is experienced with strong phronesis will be able to tell the suitable response in a situation.”easy to miss the target and difficult to hit it”

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15
Q

What were Jesus’ teachings on virtues.

A

The beatitudes- Blessed are the meek etc.
Jesus is also a virtous poerson whose example can be copied in order to be virtuous.
“Faith hope and love” are all listed as important qualities or virtues in the bible.
In the sermon on the mount Jesus indicates that character traits are more important that specific acts-moves away fomr law centered rules of the pharisees.

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16
Q

What is the golden mean

A

The amount of a virtue between the excess and deficiency that is just right

17
Q

What are some of the challenges to virtue theory

A

A virtuous person does not always know what is moral-especially in modern times with overwhelmingly complex issues e.g. the nuclear deterrent.
No clear rules to follow
Not everyone has an example of a virtuous person to follow and people may do things under the misguided belief that they are being virtuous.
Different things are moral within different cultures e.g. Indian Sati (wife burning after husbands death)
Can be used to justify immoral actions

18
Q

Who is the mainn proponent of Ethical Egoism?

A

Max stirner <3

19
Q

What is altruism

A

When actions are motivated by someone elses self interest not your own.

20
Q

Whats the difference between ethical egoism and psychological egoism?

A

Ethical egoism is normative, it tells you how you should act, whereas psychological egoism is descriptive, it points out how people do act. Psychoilogical egoism supports ethical egoism as if the only way we can act is in our own self interest, then it cannot be said we “ought” to act in any other way.

21
Q

What is the myth of gyges, told by Plato

A

A shephard boy, freed from the consequences of his actions by means of a ring that turns him invisible, goes on to commit immoral acts. Asks the question of what would we do if there were truly no consequences.

22
Q

Is ethical egoism a hedonistic theory

A

No, ethical egoism asks you to coonsider what is in your long term self interest as well as short term, so acts like heroin are not necessarily moral as they may not be in your long term best interests.

23
Q

What is Max Stirners book?

A

The Ego and Its Own.

24
Q

What are spooks

A

Anything that is not truly real, for example the church or laws. Abstract things that people treat as concrete facts or rules that must not be violated.

25
Q

Dooes stirner believe in psychological egoism?

A

Intially it seems that he does, but he gives the example of Juliet sacrificing her love for romeo out of respect for her familys wishes. However Striner points out that this would have lead her to be unsatisfied, however she subjected herself to a higher power, her familys wishes, and was therefore constrained in her actions and not truly free, so she did not act in her own self interest. Stirner says that we should act in self interest not necessarily that we do

26
Q

Is ethical egoism materialistic

A

No stirner viewed materialism as another spook, chasing something other than their own freedom. Therefore stirner seems to suggest that it is less about direct self interest and more about self-rule.

27
Q

What is Eigenheit

A

Posessing complete moral control over ones own decisions.

28
Q

What is a union of Egoists?

A

A union or cooperation between two people without losing their own uniqueness(einzig) and remainging independent.

29
Q

What are some challenges to Ethical egoism

A

it results in the destruction of community ethos
Can reuslt in social injustice such as food shortages.
can result in bigotry

30
Q

Is morality whatever God commands?

A

Philip Quinn argues that Gods moral commands are in scripture and whatever is there is an objective moral truth
Aquinas denies that god would ever give an immoral command. Examplke commanded hebrews to steal but God commanded it so it is what they were due.
William of Ockham-God is the ultimate standard of morality.

31
Q

is being a good person more than just doing good deeds

A

Yes- good samaritan, they obeyed the law and left the man, however the samaritan violated the law by showing compassion. Attempts to codify ethics result in immorality.
You are not immoral if you make a mistake, providing it was a virtuous act to the best of your knowledge.
No-Good deeds are more important as they directly affect other people and leave an impact. Its the easiest way to codify ethics. Robert Louden-more important to focus on deeds rather than character as there are certain acts that must never be permitted.

32
Q

Do moral agents need to be good people to do good deeds.

A

Virtue is a disposition towards certain kinds of behavior-good deeds.-however, deeds alonne cannot indicate whether or not a person is truly moral (Julie annas) Ellizabeth Anscombe says guidance can be found within virtues e.g. be courageous.

33
Q

Is virtue theory useful when faced with an ethical dilemna?

A

Yes-Doesnt need to follow a complex ruleset-only need to be a moral person. using correct reasoning and phronesis one can work out whether or not they are morally obligated to do somthing to encourage Eudaimonia.
No-complex issues can be hard if there is no example to follow. No definitive rules to follow mean errors can be made.
Attempts by Anscombe to provide rules like “be honest” are just saying do not lie.

34
Q

Does ethical egoism lead to moral evil

A

Yes- self interest lead to bigotry and oppression of the minority in favour of the majority. Altruists are parasites and moochers. Myth of gyges,
No- Ayn rand- no conflict between rational men- Adam smith- regard for their own self interest that butcher brewer make us things.
Maybe-only lead to moral evil only if people are presupposed to it, ethical egoism in no way encourages it. Often times what benefits the individual is what benefits society.