Ethical Standard8.Research and Publication Flashcards
When institutional approval is required, do psychologists provide accurate information about their research proposals and obtain approval prior to conducting their research?
8.01 Institutional Approval
YES, psychologists conduct the research in accordance to approved research protocol.
When conducting research, psychologists inform participants about 8 important things during the process of obtaining informed consent…
8.02 Informed Consent to Research
(a) (1) purpose of research, expected duration, and procedures
(2) right to decline to participate and to withdraw from research once participation has begun
(3) forseeable consequences of declining or withdrawing
(4) reasonably forseeable factors that may be expected to influence their willingness to participate such as potential risks, discomfort, or adverse effects
(5) any prospective research benefits
(6) limits of confidentiality
(7) incentives for participation
(8) whom to contact for questions about the research and research participants’ rights
Provide opportunity for the prospective participants to ask questions and receive answers
(See 8.03 informed consent for recording voices and images in research, 8.05 dispensing with informed consent for research, 8.07 deception in research
What do psychologists clarify with participants at the outset when they are conducting intervention research involving the use of experimental treatments?
8.02 (b)
(1) experimental nature of the treatment
(2) the services that will or will not be available to the control group(s) if appropriate
(3) the means by which assignment to treatment and control groups will be made
(4) available treatment alternatives if an individual does not wish to participate in the research or wishes to withdraw once a study has begun
(5) compensation for or monetary costs of participating including, if appropriate whether reimbursement from the participant or a third-party payor will be sought.
(see 8.02a, informed consent to research)
Do psychologists need to obtain informed consent before recording research participant’s voices or images and are there any exceptions when informed consent is not required?
8.03 Informed Consent for Recoding Voices and Images in Research
Yes, informed consent needed prior to data collection
EXCEPT:
(1) research consists of naturalistic observations in public places and it is not anticipated that recording will be used in a manner that could cause personal identification or harm
(2) research design includes deception, and consent for the use of the recording is obtained during debriefing
(see 8.07 deception in research)
When students are required to participate in research as part of a course requirement, can students opt for alternative activities to complete course?
- 04 Client/Patient, Student, and Subordinate Research Participant
(a) Psychologists take steps to protect the prospective participants from adverse consequences of declining or withdrawing from participation.
(b) If research is a course requirement or extra credit, the prospective participant is given the choice of equitable alternative activities.
When is it unnecessary to obtain informed consent for research purposes?
- 05 Dispensing with Informed Consent for Research
- when a study is not likely to cause harm or distress
- part of a normal educational or occupational practice
- only involves administering an anonymous survey or questionnaire
- is permitted by law or institutional regulations
When do research participation allow/permit financial and/or other inducements?
8.06 Offering Inducements for Research Participation
(a)When they are NOT Coercive
Ex:it would not be acceptable to offer participants $500 an hour for participating in a study that causes physical pain or to give prisoners or hospitalized psychiatric patients special privileges in return for taking part in a research study.
(b) when offering professional services as an inducement for research participation, psychologists clarify the nature of the services as well as the risks, obligations, and limitations.(see 6.05 barter with clients/patients)
When do psychologists determine that they are able to justify the use of a study involving deceptive techniques?
8.07 Deception in Research
The following conditions have to be met to conduct a study with deceptive techniques:
(a) the study’s significant prospective scientific, educational, or applied VALUE and that Effective nondeceptive alternative procedures are not feasible.
(b) prospective participant’s are not deceived about conditions that can be reasonably expected to cause physical pain or severe emotional distress
(c) participants will be debriefed as early as is feasible, preferably at the conclusion of their participation but no later than at the conclusion of the data collection, and permit participants to withdraw their data (see 8.08 debriefing)
When do psychologists debrief participants about the nature, results, and conclusions of the research?
- 08 Debriefing
(a) Psychologists provide a prompt opportunity for participants to obtain appropriate information and take reasonable steps to correct any misconceptions which psychologists are aware
(b) if scientific or humane values justify delaying or withholding this information, psychologists take reasonable measures to reduce risk of harm.
(c) when psychologists become aware that research procedures have harmed a participant, they take reasonable steps to minimize harm.
When psychologists use animals in research, what must they ensure?
- 09 Humane Care and Use of Animals in Research
(1) handling of animal subjects complies with applicable laws, institutional requirements, and professional standards
(2) all people involved in the care and handling of animals are appropriately trained and are assigned tasks consistent with their knowledge and experience.
(3) Procedures entailing pain, stress, or privation may be used ONLY when justified by the potential findings of the study and when alternative procedures are not available.
(4) When animals are subjected to discomfort, illness, or pain, steps must be taken to ensure that it is minimized(must be anesthetized during surgical procedures).
(5) IF animal’s life must be terminated it should be done rapidly and painlessly as possible
When psychologists report research results are they required to take reasonable steps to correct any errors that occur?
8.10 Reporting Research Results
YES, if discover any significant errors in their published data, psychologists take reasonable steps to correct errors in a correction, retraction, erratum, or other publication means.
Psychologists do not fabricate data(see 5.01a avoidance of false or deceptive statements)
When psychologists present their work, can they borrow portions of another’s work or data as their own, even if their other work or data source is cited occasionally?
8.11 Plagiarism
NO
When do psychologists take publication credit, or authorship credit?
- 12 Publication Credit
(a) ONLY for work they have Actually performed or to which they have substantially contributed (see also 8.12b, publication credit)
When do psychologists determine principal authorship?
- 12(b) Principal authorship and other publication credits accurately reflect the relative scientific or professional CONTRIBUTIONS of the individuals involved, regardless of their relative status. Mere possession of an institutional position, such as dept. chair does not justify authorship credit. Minor contributions to the research or to the writing for publications are acknowledged appropriately, such as footnotes or in an introductory statement.
(c) EXCEPT under exceptional circumstances, a student is listed as principal author on any multiple-authored article that is substantially based on the student’s doctoral dissertation. Faculty advisors discuss publication credit with students as early as is feasible and throughout the research and publication process as appropriate. (see 8.12b publication credit)
Can psychologists publish, as original data, data that have been previously published?
8.13 Duplicate Publication of Data
NO, they can not.
This does not preclude republishing data when they are accompanied by proper acknowledgment.
