ethical + socio-cultural issues

Question 1

etiquette

Answer 1

A convention or unwritten rule in an activity. It is not an enforceable rule but it is usually
observed.
e.g- shake hands of opponents+ umpire at end, or if players injured ask if they’re okay/ kick ball out of play.

Question 2

sportsmanship

Answer 2

Conforming to the rules, spirit and etiquette of a sport. fair play when losing or winning.
e.g- no time wasting, but instead showing respect.

Question 3

gamesmanship

Answer 3

Attempting to gain an advantage by bending the rules to their limit (but not breaking them).
like using dubious methods, that are not strictly illegal, to gain an advantage.
e.g- time wasting, talking during a point, making wrong calls, hitting ball somewhere else when needed, going slow/retying shoe laces during points.

Question 4

contract to compete

Answer 4

Unwritten agreement to follow and abide by the written and unwritten rules. Unwritten
agreement within sports where participants agree to do their best.
basically agreeing to play by rules, trying to win but also allowing opponent to play. usually in performers head.
e.g- seen to be agreed when captains shake hands at start.

Question 5

ergogenic aids/ performance enhancing drugs (PEDs)

Answer 5

a technique or substance used for the purpose of enhancing performance.
banned by national governing bodies of sport, and international olympic committee

Question 6

stimulants-
adrenaline (natural),
caffeine, amphetamines

Answer 6

Drugs that have an effect on the central nervous system, ie- they increase mental and/or
physical alertness.
adv- reduces reaction time, reduces tiredness, increase alertness, increase aggressiveness.
dis- high blood pressure, strokes, heart+ liver problems, inc risk of injury as athlete more tolerant to pain so will keep training.
used by- sprinters+ speed swimmers- need fast reaction time at start. injured players who want to compete/ train more.

Question 7

narcotic analgesics- heroin + morphine

Answer 7

Drugs that can be used to reduce the feeling of pain.
painkillers to mask pain from injury or overtraining.
dis- higholy addictive, constipation, low blood pressure, low concentration that could lead to coma.
used by- performers that need to recover from overtraining or injury.

Question 8

anabolic agents- anabolic steroid, nandrolone, danazol

Answer 8

Artificially produced male hormones mimicking testosterone. They promote muscle and bone
growth and reduce recovery time. Often used by power athletes, eg sprinters, powerlifters, rugby. also to build up body weight+ size.
adv- inc rate+ amount of muscle growth, speed up recovery (can train more +harder),inc strength, more aggressive+ competitive.
dis- shrink testicles, high blood pressure, damage liver+ heart+ kidney, women develop more body hair, smaller breasts+ deeper voice, addictive.

Question 9

peptide hormones- erythropoietin (EPO)

Answer 9

Drugs that stimulate the production of naturally occurring hormones (eg EPO), which increase
red blood cell count/oxygen carrying capacity.
adv- inc red blood cell production (inc oxygen delivery to muscles), improve muscle growth, reduces fatigue in long distance. inc ability to meet oxygen demand during exercise, to produce energy/ contract.
dis- inc risk of stoke+ heart attack, as blood has been thickened so, heart has to pump harder.
used by- marathon runners, cyclists.

Question 10

diuretics-
frusemide

Answer 10

Drugs that remove fluid from the body, elevating the rate of bodily urine excretion. not used to improve actual performance, as they remove excess water from body.
adv- loses weight rapidly (excess water/fluids gone), dilutes presence of illegal substances+ aids their removal from body via urine.
dis- severe dehyderation (body loses more water than taken in), low blood pressure, muscle cramps.
used in- sports with weight limit- boxers jockeys. or to hide other PED usage.

Question 11

blood doping

Answer 11

the misuse of techniques and/ or substances to increase one’s red blood cell count.
removal of blood (2 pints) from athlete several weeks before competition. in time until competition, body will restore/ replace amount blood cells removed. removed is frozen until 1-2 days prior to competition, when blood is thawed (defrosted) +reinjected back into bloodstream. adv- This increases red blood cell count in bloodstream, so more oxygen is carried/ pumped at a time, oxygen demands being met, more energy released.
dis- inc thickening of blood (viscosity) so risk of heart attack as heart needs to pump/ contract harder. risk of blood-borne diseases like HIV+ hepatitis. embolism (blood vessel blockage).
used by- endurance athletes, marathon runners , cyclists

Question 12

beta blockers

Answer 12

Drugs that are used to steady nerves by controlling heart rate. They have a calming and
relaxing effect. reduce the effects of adrenaline. legal in sports if prescribed medically. improve fine motor skills, as they increase precision, and reduce nerves.
adv- reduce heart rate, muscle tension and blood pressure.
dis- nausea, poor circulation leading to heart problems, tiredness+ weakness.
used by- fine motor sports to inc concentration- archery, snooker/pool. or to reduce nerves before.

Question 13

PEDs adv to performer-
FILS

Answer 13

Fame- Success due to PEDs will inc recognition+ income, therefore inc athlete’s fame
Income- due to success of PED/ fame. player could gain sponsors from success+ fame.
Level playing field- due to pressure to keep up with oppositions, and to inc success. thinks everyone’s taking PEDs so needs to be on same level.
Success- higher income + reputation/ recognition, increasing fame.

Question 14

PEDs dis to performer-
Clear Bans For Risking Heroin

Answer 14

Cheating-immoral and against sportsmanship+ etiquette+ contract to compete (so against idea of sport), could get caught during tests. sponsors+ fans will back out. ruin rep+ long-term negative publicity
Bans- when caught for cheating using subs during test. will ruin rep+ cant play sports, and sponsors+ fans will back out. can play sport for a while.
Fines- ruin rep+ long-term negative publicity. loss of income.
Rep damage- getting caught cheating, sponsor loss, negative publicity, no fans.
Health risks- dis of PEDs

Question 15

dis of PEDs on sport

Answer 15

reputation- certain sports have lost their reputation, due the high number of positive PED tests that have occurred.
credibility- spectators become clynical about exeptional performances, in sports which have high levels of PEDs usage, and are inclined to think performance is due to PEDs.
income- sports can lose income due to reduced spectators, as sport is not as fun to watch, if it’s not fair/ level playing field. also due to loss of sponsorship, as sponsors can’t be associated with sports that include bad morals.
participation- levels fall, as participants may feel like they have no chance of winning, if others have PED adv.

Question 16

positive spectator behaviour

Answer 16

home field advantage- motivated to make home fans proud and prefer to play infornt of them as no booing. most teams win home field matches. e.g: english premier league- win 20%more home games than away
creating an atmosphere- crowd cheering motivates player to perform to the best of their ability, to create more cheering + and reperform the good moves, that impress the spectators. e.g; jump smash in badminton, gets repetitive cheers.

Question 17

home field adv def

Answer 17

Gaining an advantage in a sporting event from being in familiar surroundings, with the
majority of the spectators supporting you.

Question 18

negative spectator behaviour

Answer 18

could create intimidating atmosphere- esoecially if not used to
increased pressure- to provide positive outcome, could negitively affect performance
potential crowd trouble/hooliganism
safety costs/concerns- requires money to keep fans safe (for security/ facilities/guards), and concerns due to controlling crowd trouble.
negative atmosphere- due to crowd booing, and reduced confidence and concentration.
negative effect, on younger peoples participation in that sport- due to crowd trouble, and hosile environment in crowd, deters families from spectating, so children aren’t encouraged to support/ play the sport, as they havent seen it.

Question 19

hooliganism def

Answer 19

Disorderly, aggressive and often violent behaviour by spectators at sporting events

Question 20

reasons for hooliganism

Answer 20

rivalry- between team’s fans, which could lead to violent behaviour. it could be worse at international games, where emotions are heightened. e.g: derby matches in premier league.
hype- normally by media hyping the opposing teams and stirring the pot.
fuelled by alcohol/drugs- they reduce inhibitions + make people more spontaneous +open to suggestions
gang culture/tribal behaviour- they think they’re protecting their local area against the away team
frustration- due to teams performance/ official’s decision/ circumstance.
display of masculinity- ritualised behaviour, to being a part of a group.

Question 21

combatting hooliganism

Answer 21

travel restrictions/ banning orders- stops hooligans from entering and causing trouble, by banning orders and police.
dis- costly + doesnt stop all
alcohol restrictions- alcohol not served at match + closing local pubs early, so people dont buy from there. prevents exessive alcohol consumption.
dis- loss of income for both, and more may consume beforehand instead
early kick off- reduces amount of alcohol consumed prior.
dis- harder for away fans to make it, teams have to arrive earlier + may not match with international times, for people watching on TV.
all seater stadia- reduces movement within stand, and therefore crushing/ trampling and violent behaviour.
dis- costs to build facilities.
segregation of fans- prevents violence between diff fans.
dis- policing/stewarding costs + loss of revenue for home team where spaces left between rival fans and seating in rival section (as less away compared to home fans.
improved security- improved levels of policing/ security guards, to control crowd. intro to CCTVs at stadium to identify hooligans and take action against (like banning).
dis- high costs
education/ campaigns- to remove discrimination +improve spectator behaviour.