Ethical, legal, environmental and cultural issues Flashcards
Privacy issues
Say three ways that monitoring can take place
Monitoring where people are:
• Mobile phone service providers keep records of calls and texts that are sent or received
• Location of a phone can be tracked 24/7 using GPS embedded in smartphones
• Passports are scanned at airports and immigration points
What is this?
Monitoring where people are:
• Mobile phone service providers keep records of calls and texts that are sent or received
• Location of a phone can be tracked 24/7 using GPS embedded in smartphones
• Passports are scanned at airports and immigration points
Privacy issues - three ways that monitoring can take place
Privacy issues
Say three ways that monitoring can take place
- On-line activity is recorded by Internet Service Providers
- Browsing history can also be used for targeted marketing
- Use of credit/debit cards allow banks to know not only how much you spend but also when and where you spent it
What is this?
• On-line activity is recorded by Internet Service Providers
• Browsing history can also be used for targeted marketing
• Use of credit/debit cards allow banks to know not only how much you spend but also when and where you spent it
Privacy issues
Three ways that monitoring can take place
Privacy isues:
• Britain has the largest network of ????????? ??????? in Europe making it possible to track people in most cities
surveillance cameras
Privacy issues:
What is ANPR?
• Automatic plate recognition by surveillance cameras
Privacy issues:
What is ANPR and what does it allow?
• Automatic plate recognition (ANPR) makes it possible to track all road vehicles automatically
Privacy issues:
How do surveillance cameras help in a fight against crime?
• The cameras do help reduce and solve crimes as well as providing evidence for trials in court
Privacy Issues
What do social networking sites do?
What should we do as a consequence?
• Social networking sites store vast amounts of information about people’s movement, communication, habits, activities and opinions
So - • Care needs to be taken when posting information on these sites
Cultural isues
What is a stakeholder?
a person or group of people who have or own an interest in a business or organization
Cultural issues
What is a person or group of people who have or own an interest in a business or organization
a stakeholder
Cultural issues
What is the digital divide?
The digital divide is the term which describes the gap between the digital ‘haves’ and ‘have nots’
What is this?
the term which describes the gap between the digital ‘haves’ and ‘have nots’
the digital divide
Cultural issues
Why would some people not have good access to technology? (3 things)
- Lack of access to broadband
- Being unable to afford access to it
- Low IT literacy
Cultural issues
Why does Mobile technology allow wider communication?
Mobile technology allows wider communication as it is not restricted to expensive infrastructure
Cultural issues
What are five ways people message / interact with mobile technology?
voice, text and social media messages as well as emails and video conferencing and social networking
Cultural issues
What are two good things about social media / networking?
Social networking allows campaigning on social and political issues
as well
as communication with friends and family from anywhere
Cultural issues
What are five areas where computer technologies have had considerable impact?
a) Busines, commerce and work
b) Entertainment
c) Working practices
d) education
e) Medicine
Cultural issues
How have computer technologies have had considerable impact on?
Business, commerce and work:
• Retailers can sell from an on-line store:
No need for high street presence
Can target customers from all over the world
Customers can easily buy from retailers all over the road
Cultural issues
How have computer technologies have had considerable impact on?
Entertainment
- Huge range of digital TV channels
- Streaming services
- Music downloads
Cultural issues
How have computer technologies have had considerable impact on?
Computer Games
- Gaming is a huge million-dollar industry
* Top games earn more than blockbuster films
Cultural issues
How have computer technologies have had considerable impact on?
Working Practices
• Remote access allows collaborative working and sharing files on-line
• Good broadband allows home-working which means:
Less need for office space
Less time spent commuting
More flexible working hours
Cultural issues
How have computer technologies have had considerable impact on?
Education
• Computers are used in research, teaching, assessment and management, for example:
Interactive whiteboard
VLEs (Virtual Learning Environment)
E-book versions of textbooks
Computerized Admin systems such as ISAMS
Cultural issues
How have computer technologies have had considerable impact on?
Medicine
- MRI scanners used to help diagnose diseases
- DNA Analysis used to screen for genetic disorders
- On-line patient records
- Expert systems to assist doctors with diagnosis
Environmental issues
What are these?
Production of computer equipment Functioning of computer equipment Online data storages in data centers Recycling of equipment Devices in sleep mode or on standby Positively: Light sensors can automate lights when they are not needed Route planners can reduce fuel consumption
Energy consumption – areas of ICT where vast amounts of energy is consumed
Environmental issues
Energy consumption
What are the areas of ICT where vast amounts of energy is consumed
Production of computer equipment Functioning of computer equipment Online data storages in data centers Recycling of equipment Devices in sleep mode or on standby Positively: Light sensors can automate lights when they are not needed Route planners can reduce fuel consumption
Environmental issues
What is this?
Waste created by electronic devices may be illegally dumped in landfills
The toxic substances (lead, mercury and cobalt) can then get into the land and water causing health problems
Many computer components cannot be recycled or reused
Millions of tonnes of e-waste is dumped in developing countries every year
Areas of E - Waste in ICT
Environmental issues
What are the Areas of E - Waste in ICT
Waste created by electronic devices may be illegally dumped in landfills
The toxic substances (lead, mercury and cobalt) can then get into the land and water causing health problems
Many computer components cannot be recycled or reused
Millions of tonnes of e-waste is dumped in developing countries every year
Environmental issues
What are teh sustainability issues?
Digital devices contain over 60 elements
Many of these elements are in short supply
It is estimated that indium will be used up in 10 years, platinum in 15 years and silver in 20 years
Most energy used also comes from non-renewable sources such as oil and gas
Positively:
Computers help in the development and production of new sustainable resources
Paperless communications help reduce the number of trees which are cut down
Environmental issues
What are these?
Digital devices contain over 60 elements
Many of these elements are in short supply
It is estimated that indium will be used up in 10 years, platinum in 15 years and silver in 20 years
Most energy used also comes from non-renewable sources such as oil and gas
Positively:
Computers help in the development and production of new sustainable resources
Paperless communications help reduce the number of trees which are cut down
Environmental issues
What are these?
Recycling or reusing old devices can help to address the issue raised by e-waste and sustainability issues
Elements can be extracted and reused
Some components can be reused
Unwanted items can be donated to poorer countries
Recycling issues in ICT
Environmental issues
What are the recycling issues in ICT?
Recycling or reusing old devices can help to address the issue raised by e-waste and sustainability issues
Elements can be extracted and reused
Some components can be reused
Unwanted items can be donated to poorer countries
Environmental issues
What are these?
Experts can share research to develop better, smarter solutions more rapidly than before
Computer science allows more detailed study and analysis of the environment, improving understanding of how it works
Efficiencies issues in ICT
Environmental issues
What are the Efficiency issues in ICt?
Experts can share research to develop better, smarter solutions more rapidly than before
Computer science allows more detailed study and analysis of the environment, improving understanding of how it works
Ethical issues
What are some of the laws that relate to computer systems? (3)
- Data protection act
- Computer misuse act
- Copyright design and patents act
Ethical issues
What are these?
- Data protection act
- Computer misuse act
- Copyright design and patents act
some of the laws that relate to computer systems?
Ethical issues
What is this?
- guidelines for computer users to follow
- principles can be applied globally
- It is immoral to not behave in an ethical fashion, but it is not illegal
Ethics
Ethical issues
What is this?
- describes rules computer users must obey
- vary from country to country
- It is illegal and a crime to not follow laws
Legal issues
Ethical issues
Computer Ethics Institute have published Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics, which include:
- Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people
* Thou shalt not snoop around in other’s computer files
Ethical issues
What are these?
- Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people
- Thou shalt not snoop around in other’s computer files
examples from
Computer Ethics Institute have published Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics
Ethical issues
Many computer professionals belong to professional organizations, such as the ?????
British Computer Society (BCS)
Members of the BCS must abide by a code of conduct which governs appropriate behavior for members
Ethical issues
What is the BCS
British Computer Society (BCS)
Members of the BCS must abide by a code of conduct which governs appropriate behavior for members
Ethical issues
What are some arguments in favour of piracy?
- The products are too expensive for what they are. Some people can’t afford them.
- It is a victim-less crime, it doesn’t hurt anyone.
- Everyone is doing it. The chance of getting caught is low.
- It is up to the content creators to sufficiently protect the distribution of their product if they want to prevent piracy.
Ethical issues
What are these?
- The products are too expensive for what they are. Some people can’t afford them.
- It is a victim-less crime, it doesn’t hurt anyone.
- Everyone is doing it. The chance of getting caught is low.
- It is up to the content creators to sufficiently protect the distribution of their product if they want to prevent piracy.
some arguments in favour of piracy
Ethical issues
What are some arguments against Piracy?
- Just because you can’t afford them doesn’t make it ok to steal them.
- Making software, music and films is not free from expense. It has to pay for otherwise the industries would close.
- Artists/developers deserve reward.
- Not everyone is doing it, and that doesn’t make it right anyway!
- Piracy Is against the law
Ethical issues
What are these?
- Just because you can’t afford them doesn’t make it ok to steal them.
- Making software, music and films is not free from expense. It has to pay for otherwise the industries would close.
- Artists/developers deserve reward.
- Not everyone is doing it, and that doesn’t make it right anyway!
- Piracy Is against the law
some arguments against Piracy
Legislation
What law forces companies to have highly secure systems and to only hold onto personal information that a company really needs
Data Protection Act (1998)
Legislation
What is the Data Protection Act (1998)
The law forces companies to have highly secure systems and to only hold onto personal information that a company really needs
Legislation
In order to comply with the Data Protection Act a comapny must ?????
In order to comply, a company must:
- Contact the government to say that they will be storing people’s personal information
- Make it clear what information they will be storing and how they will use it
Legislation
What are these?
- Data must be used in a fair way
- Data must only be used for the role it is intended for
- Data must be relevant – cannot gather than you need
- Data must be up to date
- Data must be kept for longer than it is needed for
- The person whom the data is about must be able to access the data if they wish
- Data must be kept safely and secure
- Data must not be transferred without protection (i.e. encryption)
Principles of the Data Protection Act
Legislation
What are the Principles of the Data Protection Act?
- Data must be used in a fair way
- Data must only be used for the role it is intended for
- Data must be relevant – cannot gather than you need
- Data must be up to date
- Data must be kept for longer than it is needed for
- The person whom the data is about must be able to access the data if they wish
- Data must be kept safely and secure
- Data must not be transferred without protection (i.e. encryption)
Legislation
What does the Computer Misuse Act (1990) aim to do?
It aims to prevent sensitive data getting into the wrong hands and being edited or destroyed. The act has three main laws – you must not intentionally:
- Gain unauthorized access to a network
- Modify data on a network without permission
- Create and/or supply (to a network) Malware
Legislation
What legislation does this summarise?
It aims to prevent sensitive data getting into the wrong hands and being edited or destroyed. The act has three main laws – you must not intentionally:
- Gain unauthorized access to a network
- Modify data on a network without permission
- Create and/or supply (to a network) Malware
Computer Misuse Act (1990)
Legislation
What does the Copyright, Design and Patents Act (1988) aim to do ?
This law makes it illegal to copy and/or share other people’s work and ideas (intellectual ideas) without acknowledgement and permission
This covers written work and ideas as well as digital work
It is very difficult to enforce this for illegal downloads, due to the number of people who download media without permission
Legislation
What legislation is this?
This law makes it illegal to copy and/or share other people’s work and ideas (intellectual ideas) without acknowledgement and permission
This covers written work and ideas as well as digital work
It is very difficult to enforce this for illegal downloads, due to the number of people who download media without permission
Copyright, Design and Patents Act (1988)
Legislation
What does the Freedom of Information Act (2000) aim to do?
This act allows the public to gain access to ‘public’ information help by public sector organizations (organizations that are funded by the tax payer)
E.g. the government, schools, police and the NHS must all publish certain information on a regular basis, which is usually in the interest of transparency, to know what your tax is being spent on
The general public can request certain information, but some info can be held back by companies if it could cause harm to national security
The act does not cover personal data
Legislation
What legislation does this summarise?
This act allows the public to gain access to ‘public’ information help by public sector organizations (organizations that are funded by the tax payer)
E.g. the government, schools, police and the NHS must all publish certain information on a regular basis, which is usually in the interest of transparency, to know what your tax is being spent on
The general public can request certain information, but some info can be held back by companies if it could cause harm to national security
The act does not cover personal data
the Freedom of Information Act (2000)
Legislation
What is Creative Commons Licensing?
To share/use/edit someone’s work, it has to be available under this law, so it doesn’t go against the Copyright, Design and Patents Act
Four ways people’s work can be used:
1. Attribution – work can be copied, modified and shared, but the owner must be acknowledged
2. Share-alike – if work is modified it can only be shared with the same license that the original piece of work had
3. Non-Commercial – Cannot re-use the work for own profit
4. No Derivative Work – can copy and share but cannot modifie
Legislation
What does this describe?
To share/use/edit someone’s work, it has to be available under this law, so it doesn’t go against the Copyright, Design and Patents Act
Four ways people’s work can be used:
1. Attribution – work can be copied, modified and shared, but the owner must be acknowledged
2. Share-alike – if work is modified it can only be shared with the same license that the original piece of work had
3. Non-Commercial – Cannot re-use the work for own profit
4. No Derivative Work – can copy and share but cannot modifie
Creative Commons Licensing
