ethical, legal and cultural issues- section 3

Question 1

What does ethical issues mean?

Answer 1

Ethical issues are about what would be considered right or wrong by society

Question 2

What does legal issues mean?

Answer 2

Legal issues are about what is actually right and wrong in the eyes of the law.

Question 3

What does cultural issues mean?

Answer 3

Cultural issues are about how groups of people with particular beliefs, practices or languages may be affected e.g ethnic groups, religions, countries.

Question 4

What does environmental issues mean?

Answer 4

Environmental issues are about how we impact the natural world.

Question 5

What are stakeholders?

Answer 5

Stakeholders are individulas or groups of people who have an interest in or are affected by a particular scenario.

Question 6

Who are stakeholders?

Answer 6

Stakeholders may include a company’s owners, it’s employees, the shop that sells the comapny’s product, customers, the company’s hardware suppliers and the local community.

Question 7

What is internet censorchip?

Answer 7

Internet censorchip is when someone tries to control what other people can access on the internet.

Question 8

What is computer surveillance?

Answer 8

Computer surveillance is when someone monitors what other people are accessing on the Internet.

Question 9

What is cyberbullying?

Answer 9

Cyberbullying is when someone uses social media to deliberately harm someone else. This includes trying to intimidate or insult someone or trying to humiliate or defame them.

Question 10

What is trolling?

Answer 10

Trolling is when someone tries to cause public arguments with others online.

Question 11

What is sexting?

Answer 11

Sending sexually explicit messages or images to other people

Question 12

What health problems can arise from using technology too much?

Answer 12

Eye strain, repetitive strain injury, back problems

Question 13

What is the digital divide?

Answer 13

The digital divide is created by the fact that some people have greater access to technology than others. E.g people can use the internet to apply for jobs or university courses, access a range of services from banking to retail and keep in touch with friends. People who have limited access to technology are therefore heavily disadvantaged.

Question 14

What causes the digital divide?

Answer 14

• Some laptops don’t have enough money to boy new devices like smartphones and laptops, which can be very expensive.
• Urban areas are more likely to have greater network coverage than rural areas.
• Some people don’t know how to use technology and the internet and so are shut out of opportunities. This is a problem for many older people.

Question 15

What is the global divide?

Answer 15

The global divide is created by the fact that the level of access to technology is different in different countries, People in richer countries tend to have a greater access to technology than people in poorer countries. The internet and other technologies have created lots of opportunities for the people with access to them, so this has increased the inequality between poorer and richer countries.

Question 16

What has been done to combat the digital global divide?

Answer 16

There are several british community projects aimed at improving internet coverage in rural areas. One laptop per child is a charity which provides laptops to children in Africa, central Asia and south america.

Question 17

What is the sharing economy?

Answer 17

Services which use technology to let people make money from things they already own- e.g airbnb.

Question 18

How can you reduce the amount of energy wasted by devices?

Answer 18

• Don’t leave electronic devices on standby, put them on sleep mode to reduce their power consumption when idle.
• Virtual servers are software based servers rather than real machines. Multiple virtual servers can run on a single physical server so the physical server can run at full capacity.

Question 19

How many tonnes of e-waste does the world create every year?

Answer 19

20-50 million tonnes

Question 20

Why do modern devices have a very short life before they are discarded?

Answer 20

• They break or people want to upgrade.
• Device manufactures and retailers are part of this problem, they provide short warranties, use marketing to convince people to upgrade and have pricing policies that make it cheaper to replace than repair.

Question 21

What does WEEE stand for?

Answer 21

The waste electric and electronic equipment

Question 22

What does WEEE do?

Answer 22

It was created to tackle he e-waste problem. The WEEE has rules for disposing of e-waste safely, to promote reuse and recyling.

Question 23

How is it harmful when devices end up in landfill?

Answer 23

To cut costs lots of e-waste is sent to african and asian countries where regulations are less strict. Here, most of it ends up in landfill and can be a hazard- toxic chemicals can leak into the ground water and harm wildlife.

Question 24

What is the data protection act?

Answer 24

The data protection act 1998 gives rights to data subjects.

• Before collecting personal data an organisation must register with the government saying what data they’ll collect and how they’ll use it.
• The act gives data subjects the right to see the personal data an organisation holds about them.
• There are some exceptions to this, e.g organisations don’t have to disclose the data they hold if it could affect national security, tax assessment or the outcome of a court case.
• If a data subject feels an organisation’s use of their data has caused them distress, they may be entitled to compensation.

Question 25

How many principles does the data act have?

Answer 25

8

Question 26

What are the 8 principles? (btw you are doing amazing, keep going!!)

Answer 26

1- data must only be used in a fair and lawful way
2- data must only be used for the specified purpose
3- data should be adequate, relevant and not excessive for the specified use.
4- data must be accurate and kept up to date.
5- data should not be kept longer than necessary
6-the rights of the data subject must be observed
7- data should be kept safe and secure
8- data should not be transferred abroad without adequate protection.

Question 27

What is the freedom of information act?

Answer 27

• The freedom of information act 2020 allows members of the public to access information held by a public organisation about that organisations activities. The act covers information stored in a computer data files, emails and printed documents.
• Public organisations include government departments, the house of parliament, local councils, the armed forces, the national health service, police authorities, schools and universities.
• The act makes public organisations publish certain information on a regular basis so that the public have access to it. It also allows members of the public to request specific information.
• There are some exceptions to the act e.g an organisation can withhold requested information if it is intended for future publication, of if disclosing it could affect national security or cause people harm.

Question 28

What is the computer misuse act?

Answer 28

-The computer misuse act 1990 was introduced to stop hacking and cyber crime.

Question 29

What are the 3 offences in the computer misuse act?

Answer 29

• Gaining unauthorized access to a private network or device e.g through hacking
• Gaining unauthorized access to a network or a device in order to commit a crime, like stealing data or destroying the network.
• Unauthorized modification of computer material- e.g deleting or changing files. The act also makes it illegal to make, supply or obtain malware.

Question 30

What is the copyright, designs and patents act?

Answer 30

Th copyright, designs and patents act 1988 was introduced to protect intellectual property.
-The act makes it illegal to share copyrighted files without the copyright holders permission, use unlicensed software or plagiarize somebody else’s work. Copyright holders can make money by granting permission to use the material for a fee.

Question 31

What is intellectual property?

Answer 31

Anything someone has created e.g a novel, a song, piece of software, a new invention.

Question 32

What does copyright cover?

Answer 32

Copyright covers written or recorded content e.g books, music, films, software, video games

Question 33

What do patents do?

Answer 33

Patents cover new inventions- they protect ideas and concepts rather than actual content.

Question 34

Why has the internet made it harder to protect copyrighted content?

Answer 34

Due to the ease of file sharing.

-It is also difficult to enforce copyright if content is held on servers in countries with more relaxed copyright laws.

Question 35

What are creative commons licenses?

Answer 35

Creative commons licenses allow you to legally share media and software online without having to ask for permission first. Intellectual property owners use creative commons licences when they want other people to share or build up on their work. There are 4 main types of creative commons licence.

Question 36

What are the four main types of creative commons licenses?

Answer 36

Attribution: work can be shared, copied or modified, but the copyright holder has to be credited.
Share-alike: modified works can only be distributed with the same license terms as the original.
Non-commercial: nobody can use the copyrighted work for profit
No derivative works: the work can be copied and distributed, but can’t be modified or built upon.

Question 37

Do some stuff don’t have copyright on them?

Answer 37

Some works are in the public domain- they don’t have any copyright attached to them, meaning you can copy and share them as you wish.
Uk copyright expires 70 years after the creators death, at which point the creation enters the public domain.