****Ethical Guidelines

Question 1

Informed consent

Answer 1

Pps must be given full information about the nature and purpose of the study, and their role in it

Question 2

Deception

Answer 2

Researchers should not lie to a pp about the aims or procedure of the investigation that they take part in

Question 3

Protection from harm

Answer 3

Researchers should avoid negative physical effects and negative psychological effects

Question 4

Confidentiality

Answer 4

Researchers should not share pps personal information, and must gain permission if they do wish to share the information

Question 5

Privacy

Answer 5

Researchers should not enter a pps private physical space or emotional territory, and pps can feel confident to be able to withdraw if they feel that their privacy is invaded

Question 6

Right to withdraw

Answer 6

It must be made clear to pps that they can leave a study whenever they wish

Question 7

Why sometimes informed consent needs to be unfollowed?

Answer 7

If informed consent is given, many create demand characteristics that could affect validity

Question 8

Why deception needs to be unfollowed?

Answer 8

• To achieve valid results
• avoid demand characteristics
  e. g. using stooge

Question 9

Why protection from harm is unfollowed?

Answer 9

Sometimes harm is unpredictable, and sometimes a small amount of discomfort is needed to achieve valid results

Question 10

Why confidentiality is unfollowed?

Answer 10

Procedural details may still lead to pp identification

Question 11

Why privacy is unfollowed?

Answer 11

In order to achieve valid results, collecting personal information is sometimes required

Question 12

Why right to withdraw is unfollowed?

Answer 12

• Incentives may make pps obligate to stay, e.g. if they are paid
• may not reached far enough into the treatment program

Question 13

How to deal with informed consent?

Answer 13

pp should formally agree, in WRITING, before the study

• if not possible, ask a similar group of people and see how they would feel about taking part
• give info sheet with all experimental details and how to contact investigators
• if informed consent would impact validity, a DEBREIF is necessary after the study

Question 14

How to deal with deception?

Answer 14

• seek permission from an ethical committee
• true aim told when debriefing
• though this cannot stop feelings of distrust

Question 15

How to deal with protection from harm?

Answer 15

avoid risks greater than those in everyday life, stop immediately and offer psychological support as part of the debrief

Question 16

How to deal with confidentiality?

Answer 16

No names, to use numbers or pseudonyms instead. Store info securely

Question 17

How to deal with privacy?

Answer 17

do not observe without consent if possible, otherwise give a debrief, maintain confidentiality

• always make it clear to pps that they can withdraw if they suspect

Question 18

How to deal with right to withdraw?

Answer 18

at the start and during the study, researchers must remind pps of their right to withdraw

• pps get to keep any incentives even if they withdraw

Question 19

Replacement

Answer 19

• replacing animal experiment with alternatives
• e.g. video from previous studies / computer stimulation
• only if it won’t affect the quality of research

Question 20

Species and strain

Answer 20

• species chosen are the ones least likely to suffer pain/distress
• e.g. lab raised animals are less distressed when working in a lab

Question 21

Number of animals (also how to improve)

Answer 21

• minimum no. of animals
• to produce valid and reliable results
• e.g. improve experimental design, Improving techniques of data analysis
  Sharing information with other researchers

Question 22

Procedure: Pain and distress

Answer 22

• avoid causing death, disease, physical harm or psychological harm to animals
• pay attention to animals well being by providing daily care

Question 23

Housing

Answer 23

• refrain from isolating and overcrowding animals as can cause distress
• give enough space to move freely
• give enough food and water
• artificial must have aspects of their natural experiment

Question 24

Reward, deprivation and aversive stimuli

Answer 24

• the use of preferred item should be used as a reward not punishment

Question 25

What does informed consent must include? (6 points)

Answer 25

1. participation is voluntary and that refusal to participate will not result in any consequences or any loss of benefits
2. Purpose of the research.
3. All foreseeable risks and discomforts to the participant
4. Procedures
5. Benefits of the research to society
6. Length of time the subject is expected to participate

Question 26

What should pps be told when debriefing?

Answer 26

• they have been deceived and given reasons why
• if they have any questions and those questions should be answered
• take reasonable steps to ensure that participants understand debriefing

Question 27

What is the aim of debriefing?

Answer 27

not just to provide information, but to help the participant LEAVE the experimental situation in a similar frame of mind as when he/she entered it