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HEA 300 > Ethical and Bioethical Issues in Medicine > Flashcards

Ethical and Bioethical Issues in Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

Who was the “father of medicine?”

A

Hippocrates

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2
Q

Who wrote the Hippocratic Oath?

A

Hippocrates

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3
Q

What is the Hippocratic Oath?

A

Statement of Principles for medical students to follow.

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4
Q

What does the Hippocratic Oath remind students?

A

the importance of their profession, need to teach others, obligation to never knowingly harm a patient or divulge a confidence

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5
Q

Where can the Hippocratic Principles be found?

A

AMA code of ethics

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6
Q

Ethical behavior, according to AMA are…

A

Moral principles and practices, the customs of the medical profession and matters of medical policy (principles, practices, customs and policy of the medical profession)

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7
Q

Violation of ethical behavior according to AMA…

A

Warning, censure (criticism), expulsion, suspension, reporting criminal acts to state licensing board or governmental agency, violation and conviction of crime = fine, imprisonment, revocation of physicians licence. (ALL BAD THINGS)

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8
Q

AMA’s first code of ethics was founded in what year, and because of what?

A

1847, Nuremberg Code

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9
Q

Meant to govern conduct of members of given profession

A

Code of Ethics

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10
Q

Summarizes basic principles and behavior expected by all in that discipline

A

Code of Ethics

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11
Q

Name 5 of AMA’s Principles of Medical Ethics

A

Human dignity, Honesty, Responsibility to society, Confidentiality, need for continued study, freedom to choose patients, responsibility of physician to improve the community, responsibility to the patient, support access to medical care for all people

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12
Q

Do all medical professionals have the same Code of Ethics?

A

No. Each have their own Code of Ethics specific for their profession

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13
Q

Cloning, harvesting embryos and intro fertilization are considered…

A

Bioethical Issues

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14
Q

Organ and tissue donation, transplant rationing, are examples of…

A

Bioethical Issues

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15
Q

Which organs and tissues can be donated by living people?

A

Blood, bone marrow, liver and kidneys

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16
Q

Name 3 commonly donated organs and tissues

A

eyes (corneas), heart, kidneys, skin, bone marrow, blood, liver and lungs.

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17
Q

True or False: Long bones of the body can be transplanted.

A

True: tibia, fibula, femur, humerus, radius and ulna

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18
Q

What is UNOS (United Network for Organ Sharing)?

A

Data based relating to every organ transplant in the US since 1986.

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19
Q

What is the purpose of UNOS?

A

It’s the legal entity responsible for allocating organs for transplant.

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20
Q

How does UNOS work?

A

Uses a formula that gives half the weight to medical consideration and the other to justice.

21
Q

What forbids the sale of organs in interstate commerce?

A

National Organ Transplant Law (1984)

22
Q

What permits competent adults to allow or forbid the use of their organs after their death, through written document/donor card

A

The Uniform Anatomical Gift Act

23
Q

How many methods of Transplant Rationings are there?

A

4 and can combine

social utility method of allocation, justice method, seniority method, lottery method

24
Q

Lottery method

A

Luck of the draw in transplant rationing

25
Q

Justice Method

A

gives everyone an equal chance at available organs

26
Q

What is controversial about justice method?

A

It would put younger patients higher on the list

27
Q

Social Utility Method of Allocation

A

careful screening of donor and recipient to determine if there is a strong chance of the recipients survival

28
Q

seniority method

A

first come, first serve basis

29
Q

Which law forbids sale of organs, protect the poor from being exploited, organ viability (donor organs should be close to patients locale), suggestions for financial incentive for cadaver organs

A

National Organ Transplant Law of 1984

30
Q

True or False: Medical research almost never carries some degrees of risk.

A

False, it almost ALWAYS carries some degree of risk

31
Q

Can humans be used for testing without consent?

A

NO

32
Q

Who or what has been used for testing to make medical progress?

A

Human and animal experimentation

33
Q

What is the Utilitarian approach?

A

Justification that all medical research benefits must outweigh the risks

34
Q

The control group…

A

receives no treatment

35
Q

Randomized Study

A

subject is assigned at random to control or experimental treatment group

36
Q

Placebo Group

A

inactive substance or alternative type of treatment is given

37
Q

When a physician explains facts of the research, even if patients decide not to participate is asking for…

A

consent

38
Q

What may be a conflict of interest in research?

A

If researchers have financial ties to manufacturers

39
Q

What may be an issue with control groups?

A

participants have no hope of benefiting from the study

40
Q

What is the test name where neither the experimenter or patient knows who is getting the research treatment

A

Double- Blind Test

41
Q

What is the research program by the federal government used to determine or “map” and sequence the total number of genes.

A

Human Genome Project

42
Q

What is the goal of the Human Genome Project?

A

eventual elimination or control of genetic diseases.

43
Q

What does the Human Genome Project provide?

A

a better understanding of the process of human evolution and improved understanding of the relationship between certain genes and diseases

44
Q

What is Genetic Engineering?

A

to alter the basic structure of life to correct a malfunction

45
Q

Making an exact replication of a parent cell.

A

Cloning

46
Q

Who banned the use of federal funds for researching on cloning human beings?

A

President Clinton, 1997

47
Q

What can stem cells be used to treat?

A

Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, stroke and diabetes

48
Q

Why are stem cells important?

A

They are the master cells that can generate specialized cells that can grow into any cell or tissue in the body

49
Q

When an employee publicly reports a potentially dangerous situation in their organization to authorities who can take corrective action it is called…

A

Whistle Blowing

*exhaust all other options

HEA 300 (3 decks)

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