Ethical and Bioethical Issues in Medicine Flashcards
Who was the “father of medicine?”
Hippocrates
Who wrote the Hippocratic Oath?
Hippocrates
What is the Hippocratic Oath?
Statement of Principles for medical students to follow.
What does the Hippocratic Oath remind students?
the importance of their profession, need to teach others, obligation to never knowingly harm a patient or divulge a confidence
Where can the Hippocratic Principles be found?
AMA code of ethics
Ethical behavior, according to AMA are…
Moral principles and practices, the customs of the medical profession and matters of medical policy (principles, practices, customs and policy of the medical profession)
Violation of ethical behavior according to AMA…
Warning, censure (criticism), expulsion, suspension, reporting criminal acts to state licensing board or governmental agency, violation and conviction of crime = fine, imprisonment, revocation of physicians licence. (ALL BAD THINGS)
AMA’s first code of ethics was founded in what year, and because of what?
1847, Nuremberg Code
Meant to govern conduct of members of given profession
Code of Ethics
Summarizes basic principles and behavior expected by all in that discipline
Code of Ethics
Name 5 of AMA’s Principles of Medical Ethics
Human dignity, Honesty, Responsibility to society, Confidentiality, need for continued study, freedom to choose patients, responsibility of physician to improve the community, responsibility to the patient, support access to medical care for all people
Do all medical professionals have the same Code of Ethics?
No. Each have their own Code of Ethics specific for their profession
Cloning, harvesting embryos and intro fertilization are considered…
Bioethical Issues
Organ and tissue donation, transplant rationing, are examples of…
Bioethical Issues
Which organs and tissues can be donated by living people?
Blood, bone marrow, liver and kidneys
Name 3 commonly donated organs and tissues
eyes (corneas), heart, kidneys, skin, bone marrow, blood, liver and lungs.
True or False: Long bones of the body can be transplanted.
True: tibia, fibula, femur, humerus, radius and ulna
What is UNOS (United Network for Organ Sharing)?
Data based relating to every organ transplant in the US since 1986.
What is the purpose of UNOS?
It’s the legal entity responsible for allocating organs for transplant.
How does UNOS work?
Uses a formula that gives half the weight to medical consideration and the other to justice.
What forbids the sale of organs in interstate commerce?
National Organ Transplant Law (1984)
What permits competent adults to allow or forbid the use of their organs after their death, through written document/donor card
The Uniform Anatomical Gift Act
How many methods of Transplant Rationings are there?
4 and can combine
social utility method of allocation, justice method, seniority method, lottery method
Lottery method
Luck of the draw in transplant rationing
Justice Method
gives everyone an equal chance at available organs
What is controversial about justice method?
It would put younger patients higher on the list
Social Utility Method of Allocation
careful screening of donor and recipient to determine if there is a strong chance of the recipients survival
seniority method
first come, first serve basis
Which law forbids sale of organs, protect the poor from being exploited, organ viability (donor organs should be close to patients locale), suggestions for financial incentive for cadaver organs
National Organ Transplant Law of 1984
True or False: Medical research almost never carries some degrees of risk.
False, it almost ALWAYS carries some degree of risk
Can humans be used for testing without consent?
NO
Who or what has been used for testing to make medical progress?
Human and animal experimentation
What is the Utilitarian approach?
Justification that all medical research benefits must outweigh the risks
The control group…
receives no treatment
Randomized Study
subject is assigned at random to control or experimental treatment group
Placebo Group
inactive substance or alternative type of treatment is given
When a physician explains facts of the research, even if patients decide not to participate is asking for…
consent
What may be a conflict of interest in research?
If researchers have financial ties to manufacturers
What may be an issue with control groups?
participants have no hope of benefiting from the study
What is the test name where neither the experimenter or patient knows who is getting the research treatment
Double- Blind Test
What is the research program by the federal government used to determine or “map” and sequence the total number of genes.
Human Genome Project
What is the goal of the Human Genome Project?
eventual elimination or control of genetic diseases.
What does the Human Genome Project provide?
a better understanding of the process of human evolution and improved understanding of the relationship between certain genes and diseases
What is Genetic Engineering?
to alter the basic structure of life to correct a malfunction
Making an exact replication of a parent cell.
Cloning
Who banned the use of federal funds for researching on cloning human beings?
President Clinton, 1997
What can stem cells be used to treat?
Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, stroke and diabetes
Why are stem cells important?
They are the master cells that can generate specialized cells that can grow into any cell or tissue in the body
When an employee publicly reports a potentially dangerous situation in their organization to authorities who can take corrective action it is called…
Whistle Blowing
*exhaust all other options
