Estoppel

Question 1

What are the elements of estoppel?

Answer 1

Through estoppel, an admission or representation is rendered conclusive upon the person making it, and cannot be denied or disproved as against the person relying thereon.

The elements of estoppel are:
[1] the actor who usually must have knowledge, notice or suspicion of the true facts, communicates something to another in a misleading way, either by words, conduct or silence;

[2] the other in fact relies, and relies reasonably or justifiably, upon that communication;

[3] the other would be harmed materially if the actor is later permitted to assert any claim inconsistent with his earlier conduct; and

[4] the actor knows, expects or foresees that the other would act upon the information given or that a reasonable person in the actor’s position would expect or foresee such action.

Villanueva vs. CCBPI (GR 264746, August 7, 2024)