Essentials of monitoring Flashcards
Which species has the most increased risk of mortality during anaesthesia?
Horses
The aim of analgesia is to balance which 3 factors?
Unconsciousness
Analgesia
Muscle relaxation
Give some examples of CNS monitoring that should be carried out throughout anaesthesia
- Reflexes
- Anal tone
- Eye position
- Lacrimation
- Changes in autonomic tone e.g. sweating
- Muscle tone
- Response to surgical stimulation
As anaesthesia deepens how will lacrimation change?
Decrease
Relaxed anal tone is a sign of?
Deep anaesthesia
How does eye position change during awake, light, medium and deep anasthesia?
As it enters being light, eye moves ventrally medially
Medium - eye can start to move centrally
Deep - eye will be in the centre
How can you determine very light analgesia from deep analgesia by looking at a patients eye?
- Both will have a centrally placed eye
- Pupil much more dilated when the animal is in deep anaesthesia
At what stage of anaesthesia will an animals pupils be the least dilated?
When they are light
What are the normal HRs of the following species:
- Horse
- Dog
- Cat
- 20-40 bpm
- 50-100bpm
- 80-160bpm
What are mm colour and CRT indicators of?
- Oxygenation and perfusion
- Blood volume and capillary tone
What are the normal RRs of the following species:
- Horse
- Dog
- Cat
- Horse: 4 - 10 breaths/ min
- Dog: 10 - 20 breaths/ min
- Cat: 15 – 30 breaths/ min
What signs may a tachypnoeic animal show?
- Too light anaesthesia
- Hypoxic
- Hypercapnic
- Poor analgesia
- Acidosis
Which drug can be administered to a tachypnoeic animal under anaesthesia?
Methadone
Which drugs can be administered to a bradypnoeic animal under anaesthesia?
Isoflurane
Propofol
What is an oesophageal stethoscope used for?
To auscultate the heart and lung sounds
What is monitored by an ECG?
Electrical activity of the heart (not cardiac output)
Which piece of monitoring equipment gives information regarding cardiac output and perfusion?
Arterial blood pressure
Which values are given by arterial pressure and what are the normal ranges?
Systolic pressure: 80 - 140mmHg
Diastolic pressure: 50 - 90mmHg
Mean pressure: 60 - 90mmHg
What is measured by pulse oximetry, and what is the normal value?
% saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen
normal = >95%
Where is a pulse oximeter placed to gather information?
Thin, vascular tissue e.g. tongue, vulva
What are limitations of pulse oximetry?
- Hypoperfusion/ vasoconstriction
- Bright lights
- Movement
- Anaemia
What can be used in exotics to hear heart rate?
Doppler
What is measured by capnography, and what is the normal range?
End tidal CO2
Normal end tidal CO2 is 35-45mmHg
What are the 4 phases of a capnograph?
Phase I - inspiratory baseline at 0
Phase II - Expiratory upstroke (up to about 40)
Phase III - Expiratory plateau
Phase IV - Expiratory downstroke
