Essentials Of Exercise Science - Flashcards.
Anterior (ventral)
Toward the front.
Posterior (dorsal)
Toward the back
Superior
Toward the head
Inferior
Away from the head
Medial
Toward the midline of the body
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
Proximal
Toward the attached end of the limb, origin of structure, or midline of the body.
Distal
Away from the attached end of the limb, origin of the structure, or midline of the body.
Sagittal plane
Biceps curl
Frontal plane
Shoulder abduction
Transverse plane
Trunk rotation
Explain the route of blood flow beginning when it exits the heart and ending when it re-enters the heart through the inferior and superior vena cava.
As blood leaves the heart, it is carried by the arteries. As arteries lead away from the heart, they branch to form a “tree” of smaller, microscopic vessels called arterielles. Eventually, the arterielles develop into “beds” of smaller structures, the capillaries. Blood passes from the capillary beds to small venous vessels called venules. As venules lead back to the heart, they increase in size and become veins (eventually leading to the inferior and superior vena cava)
Explain the route of blood flow beginning when it leaves the right ventricle of the heart and enters the left atrium
The right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries. In the lungs, the blood picks up a fresh supply of oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins.
Explain the concept of form follows function as it relates to the skeletal system and describe the importance of exercise in maintaining bone density throughout life.
Wolf’s law indicates that changes in bone structure coincide with changes in bone function. That is, when the skeleton is subjected to stressful forces, such as those that occur with exercise, it responds by laying down more bone tissue, thereby increasing its density. Conversely, when individuals experience prolonged periods of bed rest due to illness or injury, their bones lose mineral and become less dense.
Flexion
Decreasing the angle between two bones in the sagittal plane.
Plantarflexion
Pointing the toes in the sagittal plane
Elevation
Moving the scapulae to a superior position in the frontal plane
Eversion
Lifting the lateral border of the foot in the frontal plane.
Supination
Rotating the hand and wrist laterally from the elbow in the transverse plane
Circumduction
Multiplayer combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction in sequence.
Autogenic inhibition
Is an automatic reflex relaxation caused by stimulation of a Golgi tendon organ (GTO). This can be advantageous during a static stretching routine, in that after 7 to 10 seconds of low force stretch, a GTO response is activated, allowing further muscle stretching.
Reciprocal inhibition
Is a reflex inhibition of the motor neurons of antagonists when the antagonists are contracted. This can be advantageous during a dynamic stretching routine, in that low grade muscle contractions of the antagonist muscle can reduce tonicity in the agonist muscle, allowing that muscle to more easily be stretched.
Rectus abdominis
Flexion and lateral flexion of the Trunk.
External oblique
Contralateral rotation, lateral flexion, and forward flexion ( both sides)
