ESSENTIAL WORDS Flashcards
Logging
The logging industry
A Brazilian logging company
The cutting down of trees for commercial use
Array /əˈreɪ/
An array of product
A large number; a collection
Habitat /ˈhæbətæt/
Watching monkeys in their natural habitat
(n): The natural area where a plant or animal lives زیستگاه و محل سکونت damage/destroy a habitat provide a habitat create a habitat
Extend /ɪkˈstend/
Management have agreed to extend the deadline.
My duties at the school extend beyond just teaching.
(v): To reach past; get bigger
توسعه دادن/گسترش دادن/طولانی کردن
extend to/beyond
Fell /fel/
More than 100 trees were felled in just over an hour.
(v): to cut down (a tree)
Terrestrial /təˈrestriəl/
Many life forms-both terrestrial and aquatic are becoming endangered as forests vanish
(adj): living on the land
زمینی/خاکی
Aquatic /əˈkwætɪk, əˈkwɒ- $ əˈkwæ-, əˈkwɑː-/
Many life forms-both terrestrial and aquatic are becoming endangered as forests vanish
an aquatic plant aquatic sports
(adj): living in the water
آبی
Vanish /ˈvænɪʃ/
All hopes of finding the boy alive have vanished.
The pain in his arm and neck had vanished
(v): to disappear
محو شدن/غیب شدن/ناپدید شدن
Myriad /ˈmɪriəd/
The myriad causes of homelessness
There are myriad ways to help children learn to read.
(adj): Many; numerous
خیلی زیاد
Intact /ɪnˈtækt/
The package arrived intact.
(adj): whole complete
not broken, damaged, or spoiled
دست نخورده
Intercept /ˌɪntəˈsept $ -ər-/
His phone calls were intercepted.
(v): قطع کردن
Stabilize (also stabilise British English) /ˈsteɪbəlaɪz/
An attempt to stabilize the economy
The patient’s condition has now stabilized.
(v): To keep from changing ; Maintaing
Erosion /ɪˈrəʊʒən $ ɪˈroʊ-/
The problem of soil erosion
The highest rates of erosion occur where soil is exposed to drought
(n): فرسایش
erosion happens/occurs
Vegetation /ˌvedʒɪˈteɪʃən/
They made their way through the thick vegetation in the valley.
(n)(u) (Formal): Plants in general گیاه
Inhibit /ɪnˈhɪbɪt/
Inhibit somebody from doing something
(v): To prevent; Slow down مانع شدن
Deforestation /diːˌfɒrəˈsteɪʃən $ -ˌfɔː-, -ˌfɑː-/
the deforestation of the tropics
Some parts of tropical America have seen over 70% deforestation.
(n): The removal of all trees from a large area جنگل زدایی
Deforest (v)
Imperative /ɪmˈperətɪv/
A broad and balanced education is an imperative for raising standards.
(adj)(n) : Priority ; an urgent nedd
/ˈɜːdʒənt $ ˈɜːr-/
ضروری
Evolve /ɪˈvɒlv $ ɪˈvɑːlv/
evolve from
Fish evolved from prehistoric sea creatures.
(v) تکامل یافتن
(noun) evolution
(adjective) evolutionary /ˌiːvəˈluːʃənəri◂, ˌevə- $ ˌevəˈluːʃəneri◂/
Breed /briːd/
These dogs were originally bred in Scotland to round up sheep.
Spaniels are my favourite breed of dog.
(past tense and past participle bred /bred/)
(v) : To keep animals or plants in order to produce babies or new plants, especially ones with particular qualities
(n) ; a type of animal that is kept as a pet or on a farm نژاد
Optimal /ˈɒptəməl $ ˈɑːp-/
Ageing could evolve as part of an optimal life history
(adj); Best more favorable SYN optimum
Hemisphere /ˈheməsfɪə $ -fɪr/
the Northern hemisphere
(n) نیمکره
Windswept /ˈwɪndswept/
Windswept moors
(adj) : Unprotected from the wind
Fuel /ˈfjuːəl/
(n) : سوخت
(v) : to provide energy
Feat /fiːt/
They climbed the mountain in 28 days, a remarkable feat.
An incredible feat of engineering.
(n) : A difficult act or achievement شاهکار
Nocturnal /nɒkˈtɜːnl $ nɑːkˈtɜːr-/
Hamsters are nocturnal creatures.
(adj) : Active at night
Formal : happening at night
Obscure /əbˈskjʊə $ -ˈskjʊr/
an obscure poet
The view was obscured by mist
(adj) : SYN : Vague مبهم
(v) : To make difficult to see
Stray /streɪ/
Three of the soldiers strayed into enemy territory.
(v) : To leave the correct route ; To become separated from the group.
(adj) : a stray animal, such as a dog or cat, is lost or has no home
Diurnal /daɪˈɜːnəl $ -ˈɜːr-/
diurnal animals such as cows
(adj) : OPP nocturnal
Occupy /ˈɒkjəpaɪ $ ˈɑːk-/
1:He occupies the house without paying any rent.
2: Football occupies most of my leisure time.
3: Students occupied Sofia University on Monday
4: Many patients occupy hospital beds
(v) : 1:To be in place ; exist in
2: FILL TIME : if something occupies you or your time, you are busy doing it
3: to enter a place in a large group and keep control of it, especially by military force
4: to use something such as a room, seat, or bed
Sparse /spɑːs $ spɑːrs/
his sparse brown hair
rural areas with sparse populations
(adj): Small in numbers or amount :کم پشت
Swing /swɪŋ/ past tense and past participle swung /swʌŋ/)
He was swinging his bag back and forth.
a sign swinging in the wind
(v): نوسان داشتن /تاب دادن
Transitional /trænˈzɪʃənəl, -ˈsɪ-/
a transitional period during the switch to the euro
transitional government
Meanwhile, the transitional government continued to face challenges to its authority.
(adj) :انتقالی
a temporary government, usually one that governs until official elections can take place in a country
Fringe /frɪndʒ/
a tall girl with straight brown hair and a fringe
(n): if you have a fringe, your hair is cut so that it hangs down over your forehead
the edge of something
Diverse /daɪˈvɜːs $ dəˈvɜːrs, daɪ-/
subjects as diverse as pop music and archaeology
(adj) : Varied ; of many kinds
