Essential Legislation Flashcards

Question

Fear or provocation of violence

Answer 1

s4 of the Public Order Act 1986 Fear or Provocation of Violence A person is guilty of an offence if he/she... (a) uses, towards another person, threatening, abusive or insulting words or behaviour, or (b) distributes or displays to another person any writing, sign or other visible representation which is threatening, abusive, or insulting ...with intent to cause that person to believe that immediate unlawful violence will be used against him or another by any person... ...or to provoke the immediate use of unlawful violence by that person or another... ...or whereby that person is likely to believe that such violence will be used or it is likely that such violence will be provoked.

Answer 2

s4a of the Public Order Act 1986 A person is found guilty of an offence if, with intent to cause a person harassment, alarm or distress he/she... (a) uses threatening, abusive or insulting words or behaviour, or disorderly behaviour, or (b) displays any writing, sign or other visible representation which is threatening, abusive or insulting, thereby causing that or another person harassment, alarm or distress.

Answer 3

s5 of the Public Order Act 1986 A person is guilty of an offence if he/she... (a) uses threatening or abusive words or behaviour, or disorderly behaviour, or (b) displays any writing, sign or other visible representation which is threatening or abusive, within the hearing or sight of a person likely to be caused harassment, alarm or distress thereby.

Answer 4

The threshold for s18-23 offences (inciting racial hatred) is threatening, abusive or insulting whereas the threshold for s29 offences (inciting hatred against religious/sexual orientation) is higher but also only includes threatening. Offences may be committed in a public or a private place, except that no offence is committed where the words or behaviours are used, or the written material is displayed, by a person inside any dwelling and are not heard or seen except by other persons in that or any other dwelling.

Answer 5

s18 of the Public Order Act 1986 A person who uses threatening, abusive or insulting words or behaviour, or displays any written material which is threatening, abusive or insulting, is guilty of an offence if— (a) He intends thereby to stir up racial hatred, or (b) Having regard to all the circumstances racial hatred is likely to be stirred up thereby. May be committed in a public or a private place, except that no offence is committed where the words or behaviour are used, or the written material is displayed, by a person inside a dwelling and are not heard or seen except by other persons in that or another dwelling.

Answer 6

s19 of the Public Order Act 1986 A person who publishes or distributes written material which is threatening, abusive or insulting is guilty of an offence if— (a) He intends thereby to stir up racial hatred, or (b) Having regard to all the circumstances racial hatred is likely to be stirred up thereby. Defence to prove that he was not aware of the content of the material and did not suspect, and had no reason to suspect, that it was threatening, abusive or insulting.

Answer 7

s20 of the Public Order Act 1986 If a public performance of a play is given which involves the use of threatening, abusive or insulting words or behaviour, any person who presents or directs the performance is guilty of an offence if— (a) he intends thereby to stir up racial hatred, or (b) having regard to all the circumstances (and, in particular, taking the performance as a whole) racial hatred is likely to be stirred up thereby.

Answer 8

s21 of the Public Order Act 1986 A person who distributes, or shows or plays, a recording of visual images or sounds which are threatening, abusive or insulting is guilty of an offence if— (a) He intends thereby to stir up racial hatred, or (b) Having regard to all the circumstances racial hatred is likely to be stirred up thereby.

Answer 9

s22 of the Public Order Act 1986 (1)If a programme involving threatening, abusive or insulting visual images or sounds is included in a programme service, each of the persons mentioned in subsection (2) is guilty of an offence if— (a) he intends thereby to stir up racial hatred, or (b) having regard to all the circumstances racial hatred is likely to be stirred up thereby. (2) The persons are— (a) the person providing the...programme service, (b) any person by whom the programme is produced or directed, and (c) any person by whom offending words or behaviour are used.

Answer 10

s23 of the Public Order Act 1986 (1) A person who has in his possession written material which is threatening, abusive or insulting, or a recording of visual images or sounds which are threatening, abusive or insulting, with a view to— (a) in the case of written material, its being displayed, published, distributed, or included in a cable programme service, whether by himself or another, or (b) in the case of a recording, its being distributed, shown, played, or included in a cable programme service, whether by himself or another,is guilty of an offence if he intends racial hatred to be stirred up thereby or, having regard to all the circumstances, racial hatred is likely to be stirred up thereby.

Answer 11

29A: “Religious hatred” means hatred against a group of persons defined by reference to religious belief or lack of religious belief. 29B: “Hatred on the grounds of sexual orientation” means hatred against a group of persons defined by reference to sexual orientation. 29C: "Publishing or distributing written material" - A person who publishes or distributes written material which is threatening is guilty of an offence if he intends thereby to stir up religious hatred 29D: "Public performance of play" - If a public performance of a play is given which involves the use of threatening words or behaviour, any person who presents or directs the performance is guilty of an offence if he intends thereby to stir up religious hatred 29E: "Distributing, showing or playing a recording" - A person who distributes, or shows or plays, a recording of visual images or sounds which are threatening is guilty of an offence if he intends thereby to stir up religious hatred 29F: "Broadcasting or including programme in programme service" - If a programme involving threatening visual images or sounds is included in a programme service, each of the persons mentioned in subsection (2) is guilty of an offence if he intends thereby to stir up religious hatred 29G: "Possession of inflammatory material" - A person who has in his possession written material which is threatening, or a recording of visual images or sounds which are threatening, with a view to— (a) In the case of written material, its being displayed, published, distributed, or included in a programme service whether by himself or another, or (b) In the case of a recording, its being distributed, shown, played, or included in a programme service, whether by himself or another, is guilty of an offence if he intends 29H: "Powers of entry and search" - a justice of the peace is satisfied by information on oath laid by a constable that there are reasonable grounds for suspecting that a person has possession of written material or a recording in contravention of section 29G, the justice may issue a warrant under his hand authorising any constable to enter and search the premises where it is suspected the material or recording is situated.

Answer 12

Human Rights Act 1998 Article 5: The right to liberty and security Article 9: Ability to form our own ideas, thoughts and religious convictions. Article 10: The freedom of expression. Article 11: Freedom of peaceful assembly and association. Articles 9, 10 and 11 are often taken together to mean ‘a right to peaceful protest’. This has now become common lexicon amongst the Police and Public alike, but we should know that there is actually no such right per se. For any public demonstration, protest or rally the rights of the wider community must be considered and a balance struck.

Answer 13

s11 Children Act 2004 (2) Each person and body to whom this section applies must make arrangements for ensuring that— (a) their functions are discharged having regard to the need to safeguard and promote the welfare of children; and (b) any services provided by another person pursuant to arrangements made by the person or body in the discharge of their functions are provided having regard to that need.

Answer 14

Officer can release a person without further action when it is deemed the risk of a breach no longer exists. OR (s 3(2)(c) of the Prosecution of Offences Act 1985) CPS may decide that further action is needed to reduce the risk of another breach. The person will appear before a magistrates court, which can issue a binding-over order which can refer to general terms of protection, or it can be more specific by naming people. Order can require the person to keep the peace for a specified times and/or enter the recognisance for a specified sum (financial penalty if brought back after any subsequent breaches).

Answer 15

Harassment without violence (s 2) Stalking (s 2a) Civil remedies (s 3) Putting people in fear of violence (s 4) Stalking involving fear of violence or serious alarm or distress (s 4A) Breaching a restraining order (s 5)

Answer 16

s2 Protection from Harassment Act 1997 - A course of conduct; - Which amounts to harassment of another (can be one or more persons); and - Which the defendant knows, or ought to know amounts to harassment of another. Penalty: It is a summary-only offence, punishable by a maximum of 6 months' imprisonment. Defences: - Pursued for the purpose of preventing or detecting crime. - That it was pursued under any rule of law. - That the pursuit of the course of conduct was reasonable.

Answer 17

s2a Protection from Harassment Act 1997 A person is guilty of an offence if— - The person pursues a course of conduct in breach of section 1(1), and - The course of conduct amounts to stalking. ...The person whose course of conduct it is knows or ought to know that the course of conduct amounts to harassment of the other person. Penalties: Triable summarily and the penalty is 6 months imprisonment and/ or a fine.

Answer 18

s3 Protection from Harassment Act 1997 - A civil remedy refers to the remedy that a party has to pay to the victim of a wrong he commits. - If distress is caused on only one occasion it may instead be the subject of such a claim. - Could result in a court order to pay money and/or an injunction (a court order to impose sanctions on the offender). Penalty: If an injunction is breached, the offence committed is triable either way, penalty fine or 6 month imprisonment (summarily) 5 years indictment.

Answer 19

s4 Protection from Harassment Act 1997 A course of conduct; - which causes another to fear that violence will be used against him; and - which the defendant knows or ought to know will cause another to fear that violence will be used against him; and - if a reasonable person in possession of the same information would think that the course of conduct would cause the other so to fear on that occasion. Penalty: - Summarily: max 6 months imprisonment or a fine, or both. - Indictment: max 10 years imprisonment or a fine, or both. Defences: - Pursued for the purpose of preventing or detecting crime. - That it was pursued under any rule of law. - That the pursuit of the course of conduct was reasonable for the protection of him or herself or another or for the protection of her, his or another's property.

Answer 20

s4a Protection from Harassment Act 1997 - A course of conduct; - Which amounts to stalking; and - Which causes another to fear, on at least two occasions, that violence will be used against him or her; or causes another serious alarm or distress which has a substantial adverse effect on his or her usual day-to-day activities (s 4A(1)(b)(ii)) Adverse effects: (a) the victim changing their routes to work, work patterns, or employment; (b) the victim arranging for friends or family to pick up children from school (to avoid contact with the stalker); (c) the victim putting in place additional security measures in their home; (d) the victim moving home; (e) physical or mental ill-health; (f) the deterioration in the victim's performance at work due to stress; (g) the victim stopping /or changing the way they socialise. Penalty: - Summarily: max 12 months imprisonment or a fine, or both. - Indictment: max 10 years imprisonment or a fine, or both.

Answer 21

s5 Protection from Harassment Act 1997 A court sentencing a person convicted of an offence may (as well as sentencing him or dealing with him in any other way) may also make an order for the purpose of protecting the victim/s conduct which – Amounts to harassment, or Will cause a fear of violence Prohibit the defendant from doing anything described in the order. Penalty: - Summarily: max 6 months imprisonment or a fine, or both. - Indictment: max 5 years imprisonment or a fine, or both.

Answer 22

Pursue a 'course of conduct' which amounts to harassment of one (or more) persons, which the perpetrator knows or ought to know amounts to harassment. It has to happen on more than one occasion.

Answer 23

s42 of the Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 A police officer can give a direction, orally or in writing, to a person or group to leave the area for a specified period not exceeding three months in order to prevent them causing harassment alarm or distress to persons. (2) (a) the harassment of the resident; or (b) the causing of any alarm or distress to the resident. (7) Any person to whom a constable has given a direction including a requirement under subsection (4)(b) commits an offence if he— (a) returns to the vicinity of the premises in question within the period specified in the direction beginning with the date on which the direction is given; and (b) does so for the purpose described in subsection (1)(b). Penalty: Summarily 51 weeks imprisonment or fine.

Answer 24

s42a of the Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (1) A person commits an offence if— (a) that person is present outside or in the vicinity of any premises that are used by any individual (“the resident”) as his dwelling; (b) that person is present there for the purpose (by his presence or otherwise) of representing to the resident or another individual (whether or not one who uses the premises as his dwelling), or of persuading the resident or such another individual— (I) that he should not do something that he is entitled or required to do; or (ii) that he should do something that he is not under any obligation to do; (c) that person— (I) intends his presence to amount to the harassment of, or to cause alarm or distress to, the resident; or (ii) knows or ought to know that his presence is likely to result in the harassment of, or to cause alarm or distress to, the resident; and (d) the presence of that person— (I) amounts to the harassment of, or causes alarm or distress to, any person falling within subsection (2); or (ii) is likely to result in the harassment of, or to cause alarm or distress to, any such person. Penalty: Summarily 51 weeks imprisonment or fine.

Answer 25

s1 Malicious Communications Act 1988 (1) Any person who sends to another person— (a) a letter, electronic communication or article of any description which conveys – (I) a message which is indecent or grossly offensive; (ii) a threat; or (iii) information which is false and known or believed to be false by the sender; or (b) any article or electronic communication which is, in whole or part, of an indecent or grossly offensive nature, is guilty of an offence if his purpose is to cause distress or anxiety to the recipient or to any other person to whom he intends that it or its contents or nature should be communicated. Penalty: - Summarily: max 12 months imprisonment or a fine, or both. - Indictment: max 2 years imprisonment or a fine, or both.

Answer 26

s127 Communications Act 2003 (1) A person is guilty of an offence if he— (a) sends by means of a public electronic communications network a message or other matter that is grossly offensive or of an indecent, obscene or menacing character; or (b) causes any such message or matter to be so sent. (2) A person is guilty of an offence if, for the purpose of causing annoyance, inconvenience or needless anxiety to another, he— (a) sends by means of a public electronic communications network, a message that he knows to be false, (b) causes such a message to be sent; or (c) persistently makes use of a public electronic communications network. Penalty: - Summarily: max 6 months imprisonment or a fine, or both.

Answer 27

s2: Throwing of missiles. (1) It is an offence for a person at a designated football match to throw anything at or towards— (a) the playing area, or any area adjacent to the playing area to which spectators are not generally admitted, or (b) any area in which spectators or other persons are or may be present, without lawful authority or lawful excuse (which shall be for him to prove). s3: Indecent or racialist chanting. (1) It is an offence to engage or take part in chanting of an indecent or racialist nature at a designated football match. s4: Going onto the playing area. It is an offence for a person at a designated football match to go onto the playing area, or any area adjacent to the playing area to which spectators are not generally admitted, without lawful authority or lawful excuse (which shall be for him to prove).

Answer 28

s61 Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (1) If the senior police officer present at the scene reasonably believes that two or more persons are trespassing on land and are present there with the common purpose of residing there for any period, that reasonable steps have been taken by or on behalf of the occupier to ask them to leave and— (a) that any of those persons has caused damage to the land or to property on the land or used threatening, abusive or insulting words or behaviour towards the occupier, a member of his family or an employee or agent of his, or (b) that those persons have between them six or more vehicles on the land,he may direct those persons, or any of them, to leave the land and to remove any vehicles or other property they have with them on the land.

Answer 29

s62 Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (1) If a direction has been given under section 61 and a constable reasonably suspects that any person to whom the direction applies has, without reasonable excuse— (a) failed to remove any vehicle on the land which appears to the constable to belong to him or to be in his possession or under his control; or (b) entered the land as a trespasser with a vehicle within the period of three months beginning with the day on which the direction was given, ...the constable may seize and remove that vehicle.

Answer 30

s63 Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (1) This section applies to a gathering on land in the open air of 20+ people at which amplified music is played during the night (with or without intermissions) and is such as, by reason of its loudness and duration and the time at which it is played, is likely to cause serious distress to the inhabitants of the locality. (2) he may give a direction that those persons and any other persons who come to prepare or wait for or to attend the gathering are to leave the land and remove any vehicles or other property which they have with them on the land. (6) If a person knowing that a direction has been given which applies to him— (a) fails to leave the land as soon as reasonably practicable, or (b) having left again enters the land within the period of 7 days beginning with the day on which the direction was given, ....he commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months or a fine. s64 Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 Supplementary powers of entry and seizure if not complying.

Answer 31

s65 Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (1) If a constable in uniform reasonably believes that a person is on his way to a gathering to which section 63 applies, he may (a) stop that person, and (b) direct him not to proceed in the direction of the gathering. (2) The power conferred by subsection (1) above may only be exercised at a place within 5 miles of the boundary of the site of the gathering. (4) If fail to comply, fine not exceeding level 3 on the standard scale.

Answer 32

s80 Explosives Act 1875 If any person throw, cast, or fire any fireworks in or into any highway, street, thoroughfare, road or public place, he shall be guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding level 5 on the standard scale.

Answer 33

The Fireworks Regulations 2004 Reg 4: Prohibition of possession of fireworks by persons below the age of eighteen. Reg 5: Prohibition of possession of category 4 fireworks ``` Reg 7(1): Prohibition of use of certain fireworks at night (between 11pm - 7am) . . . s11 Fireworks Act 2003 ``` A person guilty of an offence for breaking a prohibition imposed by The Fireworks Regulations 2004 is liable on summary conviction to— (a) imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months, or (b) a fine not exceeding level 5 on the standard scale, Or both

Answer 34

s28 Crime and Disorder Act 1998 A) at the time of the offence (or immediately before or after doing so), the offender demonstrates towards the victim of the offence hostility based on the victim's membership (or presumed membership) of a racial or religious group, or B) the offence is motivated (wholly or partly) by hostility towards members of a racial or religious group based on their membership (or presumed membership) of that group.

Answer 35

s29 Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (1) A person is guilty of an offence under this section if he commits— (a) an offence under s20 of the Offences Against the Person Act 1861 (GBH) (b) an offence under s47 of that Act (actual bodily harm) (c) common assault, ...which is racially or religiously aggravated] for the purposes of this section. Penalty: - Summarily: max 6 months imprisonment or a fine, or both. - Indictment: max 7 years imprisonment or a fine, or both, 2 years for common assault.

Answer 36

s30 Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (1) A person is guilty of an offence under this section if he commits an offence under section 1(1) of the Criminal Damage Act 1971 (destroying or damaging property belonging to another) which is racially or religiously aggravated. Penalty: - Summarily: max 6 months imprisonment or a fine, or both. - Indictment: max 14 years imprisonment or a fine, or both.

Answer 37

s31 Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (1) A person is guilty of an offence under this section if he commits— (a) an offence under s4 Public Order Act 1986 (fear or provocation of violence); (b) an offence under s4A of that Act (intentional harassment, alarm or distress); or (c) an offence under s5 of that Act (harassment, alarm or distress), ...which is racially or religiously aggravated for the purposes of this section. Penalty: - Summarily: max 6 months imprisonment or a fine, or both. - Indictment: max 2 years imprisonment or a fine, or both.

Answer 38

s32 Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (1) A person is guilty of an offence under this section if he commits— (a) an offence under s2/ 2A of the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 (offences of harassment and stalking). Penalty: Sum (6 months), Indictment (2 years) and/ or a fine for both. (b) an offence under s4/ 4A of that Act (putting people in fear of violence and stalking involving fear of violence or serious alarm or distress). Penalty: Sum (6 months), Indictment (14 years) and/ or a fine for both.

Answer 39

s6(3) Criminal Law Act 1967

Answer 40

s146 Criminal Justice Act 2003 At the time of committing the offence, or immediately before or after doing so, the offender demonstrated towards the victim of the offence hostility based on— (2) (a) (i) the sexual orientation (or presumed sexual orientation) of the victim, (ii) a disability (or presumed disability) of the victim, or (iii) the victim being (or being presumed to be) transgender, or (b) that the offence is motivated (wholly or partly)— (i) by hostility towards persons who are of a particular sexual orientation, (ii) by hostility towards persons who have a disability or a particular disability (iii) by hostility towards persons who are transgender.

Answer 41

s145 Criminal Justice Act 2003 This section applies where a court is considering the seriousness of an offence other than one under sections 29 to 32 of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (racially or religiously aggravated assaults, criminal damage, public order offences and harassment etc).

Answer 42

(1) A person is guilty of an offence if he— (a) Uses towards another person threatening, abusive or insulting words or behaviour, or (b) Distributes or displays to another person any writing, sign or other visible representation which is threatening, abusive or insulting, with intent to cause that person to believe that immediate unlawful violence will be used against him or another by any person, or to provoke the immediate use of unlawful violence by that person or another, or whereby that person is likely to believe that such violence will be used or it is likely that such violence will be provoked. Penalty: - Summarily: max 6 months imprisonment or a fine, or both.

Answer 43

s28 Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 (a) a firearm other than an air weapon or a component part of, or accessory to, an air weapon; or (b) a weapon to which section 141 or 141A of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33) applies (specified offensive weapons, knives and bladed weapons).

Answer 44

s1 Prevention of Crime Act 1953 (1) Any person who without lawful authority or reasonable excuse, the proof whereof shall lie on him, has with him in any public place any offensive weapon shall be guilty of an offence, and shall be liable— - Summarily: max 6 months imprisonment or a £200 fine, or both. - Indictment: max 4 years imprisonment or a £100 fine, or both.

Answer 45

s1A Prevention of Crime Act 1953 (1) A person is guilty of an offence if that person— (a) has an offensive weapon with him or her in a public place, (b) unlawfully and intentionally threatens another person with the weapon, and (c) does so in such a way that there is an immediate risk of serious physical harm to that other person. Penalty: - Summarily: max 12 months imprisonment or a fine, or both. - Indictment: max 4 years imprisonment or a fine, or both.

Answer 46

s139 The Criminal Justice Act 1988 Any person who has: an article which is bladed... ...or sharply pointed... ...with him in any public place... ...without lawful authority or good reason... ...shall be guilty of an offence. Penalty: - Summarily: max 6 months imprisonment or a fine, or both. - Indictment: max 4 years imprisonment or a fine, or both.

Answer 47

s139A The Criminal Justice Act 1988 (1) Any person who has an article to which section 139 of this Act applies with him on school premises shall be guilty of an offence. Penalty: - Summarily: max 6 months imprisonment or a fine, or both. - Indictment: max 4 years imprisonment or a fine, or both.

Answer 48

s139B The Criminal Justice Act 1988 This act also allows officers to enter school premises, by reasonable force if necessary, and search people and premises under s.139B CJA. Any weapons found can also be seized under s.139B CJA.

Answer 49

s139AA The Criminal Justice Act 1988 (1) A person is guilty of an offence if that person— (a) has an article to which this section applies with him or her in a public place or on school premises, (b) unlawfully and intentionally threatens another person with the article, and (c) does so in such a way that there is an immediate risk of serious physical harm to that other person. Penalty: - Summarily: max 12 months imprisonment or a fine, or both. - Indictment: max 4 years imprisonment or a fine, or both.

Answer 50

s 141 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 s 1 of the Restriction of Offence Weapons Act 1959 These are both summary offences, with a penalty of 6 months imprisonment and a fine.

Answer 51

the manufacture, sale, hire, lending or giving of; any knife which opens automatically i.e. a flick knife, or a knife where the blade is released from the handle or sheath by the force of gravity i.e. a gravity knife. This Act also prohibits the importation of the above articles.

Answer 52

s1 Pace 1984 (1) A constable may exercise any power conferred by this section— (a) In any place to which at the time when he proposes to exercise the power the public or any section of the public has access, on payment or otherwise, as of right or by virtue of express or implied permission; or (b) In any other place to which people have ready access at the time when he proposes to exercise the power but which is not a dwelling. (2) Subject to subsection (3) to (5) below, a constable— (a) may search— (i) any person or vehicle; (ii) anything which is in or on a vehicle, for stolen or prohibited articles. IF HE HAS REASONABLE GROUNDS TO SUSPECT POSSESSION OF (7) (a) An offensive weapon; or (b) An article— (i) Made or adapted for use in the course of or in connection with (8) (ii) Intended by the person having it with him for such use by him or by some other person.

Answer 53

s64 Offences against the Person Act 1861 It is an offence to possess, make or manufacture any item with intent to commit, or enable any other person to commit, any other offence within the Act. The items include explosive substances, machines, and 'any other dangerous or noxious thing'. Imprisonment for up to two years.

Answer 54

s1 Firearms Act 1968 (1) Subject to any exemption under this Act, it is an offence for a person— (a) to have in his possession, or to purchase or acquire, a firearm to which this section applies without holding a firearm certificate in force at the time, or otherwise than as authorised by such a certificate; (b) to have in his possession, or to purchase or acquire, any ammunition to which this section applies without holding a firearm certificate in force at the time, or otherwise than as authorised by such a certificate, or in quantities in excess of those so authorised. (3) This section applies to every firearm except— (a) a shot gun within the meaning of this Act, that is to say a smooth-bore gun (not being an air gun) which— (I) has a barrel not less than 24 inches in length and does not have any barrel with a bore exceeding 2 inches in diameter; (ii) either has no magazine or has a non-detachable magazine incapable of holding more than two cartridges; and (iii) is not a revolver gun; and (b) an air weapon

Answer 55

s3 Firearms Act 1968 (1) A person commits an offence if, by way of trade or business, he— (a) manufactures, sells, transfers, repairs, tests or proves any firearm or ammunition to which section 1 of this Act applies, or a shot gun; (b) exposes for sale or transfer, or has in his possession for sale, transfer, repair, test or proof any such firearm or ammunition, or a shot gun, (c) Sells or transfers an air weapon, exposes such a weapon for sale or transfer or has such a weapon in his possession for sale or transfer, ...without being registered under this Act as a firearms dealer.

Answer 56

s16A Firearms Act 1968 It is an offence for a person to have in his possession any firearm or imitation firearm with intent— (a) by means thereof to cause, or (b) to enable another person by means thereof to cause, ...any person to believe that unlawful violence will be used against him or another person.

Answer 57

s19 Firearms Act 1968 A person commits an offence if, without lawful authority or reasonable excuse (the proof whereof lies on him) he has with him in a public place... (a) a loaded shot gun, (b) an air weapon (whether loaded or not), (c) any other firearm (whether loaded or not) together with ammunition suitable for use in that firearm, or (d) n imitation firearm.

Answer 58

s17 Firearms Act 1968 (1) It is an offence for a person to make or attempt to make any use whatsoever of a firearm or imitation firearm with intent to resist or prevent the lawful arrest or detention of himself or another person.

Answer 59

s18 Firearms Act 1968 (1) It is an offence for a person to have with him a firearm or imitation firearm with intent to commit an indictable offence, or to resist arrest or prevent the arrest of another, in either case while he has the firearm or imitation firearm with him.

Answer 60

s20 Firearms Act 1968 (1) A person commits an offence if, while he has a firearm or imitation firearm with him, he enters or is in any building or part of a building as a trespasser and without reasonable excuse (the proof whereof lies on him).

Answer 61

s22 Firearms Act 1968 It is an offence for a person under the age of eighteen to purchase or hire any firearm or ammunition.

Answer 62

s24 Firearms Act 1968 It is an offence to sell or let on hire any firearm or ammunition to a person under the age of eighteen.

Answer 63

Any person who sells to a person under the age of 18 years an article to which this section applies shall be guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months, or a fine

Answer 64

Arrestable offence under 24(2) PACE

Answer 65

s47 Firearms Act 1968 (1) A constable may require any person, vehicle whom he has reasonable cause to suspect— (a) of having a firearm, with or without ammunition, with him in a public place; or (b) to be committing or about to commit, elsewhere than in a public place, an offence relevant for the purposes of this section,to hand over the firearm or any ammunition for examination by the constable.

Answer 66

s48 Firearms Act 1968 (1) A constable may demand, from any person whom he believes to be in possession of a firearm or ammunition to which section 1 of this Act applies, or of a shot gun, the production of his firearm certificate or, as the case may be, his shot gun certificate. (2) Failing to do so can require the person to declare to him immediately his name and address.

Answer 67

WARD can use 'disproportionate force' to defend himself and others from intruders in his own home.