Essays Flashcards
Describe the perceptions of Ewell’s decision not to assault Culp’s Hill on the evening of July 1.
A. Stonewall Brigade dispatched to Ewell’s Corps’ far left on the Hanover Road because Federal troops had been using it to advance towards the battlefield
B. The members of the reconnaisance party that reached the crest of Culp’s Hill had been captured by elements of the Federal First Corps that had been stationed atop the hill
C. Johnson’s Division had marched from the Shippensburg and Scotland areas. The division entered the battlefield from the west, then across the morning’s battlefield and circumventing the borough. The division was quite weary.
D. Early’s Division and Rodes’ Division were weary from the afternoon battle.
E. After the death of Lee, Ewell was scapegoated by Early and the Lost Cause view of Gettysburg.
Recount to a visitor the basic elements of July 1, McPherson’s Ridge; Longstreet on July 2; East Cemetery Hill on July 2.
July 1, Meeting engagement, Cavalry v. infantry, infantry v. infantry, Herbst Woods, Reynolds and his death, Railroad cut; done by 11am; arrival of the 11th Corps and Confederate Second Corps, the collapse of Federal lines on McPherson’s Ridge, Oak Ridge and Barlow’s Knoll and finally on Seminary Ridge; the Federal retreat through borough and gathering on cemetery and Culp’s Hill
Describe the artillery and the ammunition it used
A. Napoleon with a 12lb solid shot with charge of 2.5lbs of powder with sabot
B. Napoleon with 12lb explosive shell with a charge of 2lbs of powder with sabot
C. Napoleon with 12lb spherical case shot with charge of 2.5lbs of powder with burster charge and musket balls
D. Napoleon with 12 cannister that sprays cast iron shot
E. Ordnance Rifle with case shot with charge of 1lb of powder
F. Parrott Rifle with case shot and shell with 1lb of powder
* Solid shot was like a bowling ball; no fuse
* Explosive shell [fused] and case shot [burster charge] were hollow, not solid, filled with powder
* Cannister was like a shot gun shell
Describe the first 2 stages of Reconstruction
A. Lincoln’s Plan: 1863-1865. In Southern states, if 10% of those voters on the 1860 rolls would call for a constitutional convention and strike slavery from the constitution, embrace emancipation and the 13th Amendment, then the state could send legislators to the US Congress; and accept the endeavors of the Freedmen’s Bureau.
B. Johnson’s Plan: 1865-1867. Johnson viewed Southerners as his friends and Northern abolitionists as his enemies. With Congress out of session, he offered amnesty to all Southerners who swore allegiance to the US, with the exception of those who had served in the Confederate national government. Johnson asked southern governments to repudiate Confederate debts, revoke secession ordinances, and ratify the 13th Amendment. Within 6 months all southern states met these terms, and created new state governments. The southern governments sought to reestablish slavery in all ways except in name. The South hindered Reconstruction. The states enacted Black Codes that restricted the rights, privileges and movement of freedmen. Poll taxes eliminated black voters. Also, the KKK was founded with the purpose of terrorizing black voters. Typical of Southern resistance was the May 1-3, 1866 Memphis Tennessee riot that killed 46, wounded hundreds and burned freedmen’s churches, schools and homes.
Describe Congress’ 4 Reconstruction Plans: 1864-1877
A. The Wade-Davis Bill [1864] - Because the Constitution states that it is the judge of all elections, Congress felt that it was the rightful manager of Reconstruction, not Lincoln or Johnson. Congress wished for 50% of those on the 1860 state voting rolls to establish a new constitution, not the 10% of Lincoln’s plan.
B. Moderate Reconstruction overrode Johnson’s vetoes of the Civil Rights Act and the Freedmen’s Bureau; Moderate Reconstruction also included the impeachment but without a guilty verdict of Andrew Johnson.
C. Radical and Military Reconstruction: in response to the southern states’ resistance to equal rights for freedmen and to the violence towards freedmen, Congress divided the South up into 5 military districts, enforced election laws which allowed Black Republican voters to elect freedmen to political offices.
D. Radical Military Reconstruction continued through Grant’s 2 terms in office and until 1877, when the Federal troops were withdrawn from the South by President Hayes.
Tell the story of the Gettysburg Address
Must include:
A. The invitation was offered by David Wills.
B. Lincoln’s remarks were not the main address; his remarks were for the dedication of the cemetery.
C. Where the 5 copies of the Gettysburg Address are located: Cornell University, Illinois State Library, The White House, and The Library of Congress has 2 copies.
What were women’s roles in the war?
Northern and Southern womens’ services included:
Fundraising with the Sanitary Commission and the Christian Commission, home sewing, nursing, clerks, work in munitions factories and educating freedmen. The Sanitary Commission and the Christian Commission did not exist in the South. Also, Southern white women did not educate freedmen. Some jobs were filled by women and became ‘feminized’ and women held many of these jobs after the war: teaching, nursing, and secretarial clerks. Women performed agricultural work on northern and southern farms. Managerial work was performed on southern plantations. Women disguising themselves as men and entering armies occurred but was the exception and not frequent.
Discuss the plusses and minuses of the ANV’s 2nd Corps activity on July 1.
Assault and rout of 11th Corps [+]
Exhaustion from assault [-]
Confusion through borough [-]
Federal troops believed to be on Hanover Road [-]
Johnson’s division marching from Scotland to Culp’s Hill [-]
Capture of members of Culp’s Hill reconnaisance late on July 1 [-]
