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History (NCEA L2/3) > Essay > Flashcards

Essay Flashcards

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1
Q

Anti-semistm

  1. When did Rome conquer Jerusalem?
A

63BC. Anti-Judaism can be traced back to before the common era, with it prevalent in Roman and Christian society. The fragmentation between those who followed Judiams a monolithic religion and the Romans, who followed a polytheistic religion, resulted in violence and persecution of Jews who lived in Jerusalem following the Roman conquest in 63 BCE.

Anti-semitsim

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2
Q

Anti-semitsim

  1. When did Romans destroy Jerusalem
A

70BC. Romans destroyed the synagogue in Jerusalem in 70 CE destroying the Jewish centre of life, displaying their aggressive anti-semitism.

Anti-semitsim

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3
Q

Anti-semtisim

  1. When were Jews attacked again and where were they displaced from
A

130 CE and Irseal

Anti-semitsim

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4
Q

Anti-semtyism

  1. When was the black plague and how many died
A

1500s 75-200million died

Anti-semitsim

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5
Q

Anti-semyism

  1. Why/how were Jews scaped goated?
A

Jews were believed to have poisoned wells leading to the massive killing and exiling of Jews. One of the justifications behind the hatred was the belief that by allowing Jews to live in their Christian communities God was punishing them with the black plague.

Anti-semitsim

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6
Q

anti-semitism

  1. Jews were put into a race in and by who
A

1878 and Wilhelm Marr

Anti-semitsim

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7
Q

anti-semyism

  1. Quote about jews and by which orangsion
A

“Marr’s conception of anti-Semitism focused on the supposed racial, as opposed to religious, characteristics of the Jews” - By Jewish Virtual Library

Anti-semitsim

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8
Q

anti-sematism

  1. Significance of Anti-sematism
A

The holocaust occurrence was only able to happen due to the specific circumstances of the time, the dry timber of the event which provided the basis of it was the pre-existing anti-sematic. holds significance in the length of time in which it is prevalent with anti-semantic and anti-judaism tracking back to before the common era, till the current day, with it affecting millions of people over the course of the time period.

Anti-semitsim

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9
Q

Nazi policy

  1. Nazi policy significance
A

Nazi policies and their actions deeply affected Jewish lives at the time and are the reason for their significance, affecting Jews politically, socially, culturally and economically, encompassing all areas of Jewish life.

Nazi policy

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10
Q

Nazi policy

  1. Hitler’s appointment as chancellor
A

30th of January 1933

Nazi policy

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11
Q

Nazi policy

  1. When was Nazis able to control the whole country
A

July 1933

Nazi policy

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12
Q

Nazi policy

  1. First policy and when
A

boycotting of Jewish businesses on April the 1st 1933

Nazi policy

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13
Q

Nazi policy

  1. Details of first policy
A

Jews allegedly circulated damaging rumours about the Nazis in the foreign press, it was organised nationwide by local Nazi leaders. The boycott did not go as planned with many Germany’s choosing to still shop in Jewish-owned businesses. This demonstrates that the German public was not yet ready for the Nazis’ plans. This foreshadowed the Nazis’ intentions in regards to Jews and the beginning of the systemic targeting.

Nazi policy

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14
Q

Nazi policy

  1. national community
A

Volksgemeinschaft

Nazi policy

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15
Q

Nazi policy

  1. Volksgemeinschaft details
A

The Volksgemeinschaft encouraged the one-party state government system and Hitler’s leadership, Volksgemeinschaft also pushed a race-based ideology in which society should be based on race, struggle and leadership. This allowed the Nuremberg Laws to be accepted by the German public with reliability and ease on September 15, 1935.

Nazi policy

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16
Q

Nazi policy

  1. When was the Nuremberg laws
A

September 15, 1935.

Nazi policy

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17
Q

Anti-sematism

  1. Anti-sematism modern day
A

Marr dubbed jews as Semitic which were threatening ‘Aryan’ Germans who were viewed as the superior race following the rice of race science which was used to justify restrictions between different races. Antisemitism was coined by Marr and described the belief that Jews should not participate in German society, with Marr believing Jews were attacking Germans. In the aftermath of World War One antisemitism flooded society again specifically in Germany. Germans were under the belief that they were winning the war so when it was announced they would surrender the stab-in-the-back myth came about with it

Anti-semistism

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18
Q

Nazi policy

  1. Nuremberg Laws examples
A

The Numberburge laws consist of ‘The Reich Citizenship Law’ and ‘The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour’. These laws reduced Jewish rights with ‘The Reich Citizenship Law’ disallowing Jews to participate in government, as well as describing who is Jewish and who isn’t. ‘The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour’ banned relationships between Jews and non-Jews. The laws changed many Germans’ lives with some now classified as Jews even if they weren’t Jewish themselves and losing basic human rights.

Nazi policy

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19
Q

Nazi policy

  1. Night of Broken Glass spelt
A

Kristallnacht

Nazi policy

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20
Q

Nazi policy

  1. Kristallnacht explained
A

the organisation from the murder of Ernst vom Rath a German ambassador, who was murdered by Herschel Grynszpan a 17-year-old polish jew on November the 7th 1938 after receiving the news his family who were Polish Jews living in Germany were expelled. The Nazi propaganda said that this led to the German public spontaneously taking revenge on Jews. This was incorrect with it actually being organised, state-sanctioned violence carried out by SS, SA, Hitler Youth and other Nazi groups.

Nazi policy

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21
Q

Nazi policy

  1. Kristallnacht date
A

This was carried out from the 9th to the 10th of November in 1938

Nazi policy

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22
Q

Nazi policy

  1. Kristallnacht other data
A

Around 191 synagogues burned, 1500-3,000 died and 30,000 Jews were sent to concentration camps, Jews were also billed for the damage

Nazi policy

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23
Q

WW2

  1. Why wwii an significant cause
A

The Nazis and their actions during World War Two hold great significance due to the number of lives that were affected, in invading and conquering nine countries over the course of the war they controlled millions of Jews with all affected.

WW2

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24
Q

WW2

  1. Where the Jews who died in the holocaust were from
A

Around 95% of the six million Jews who were affected in the holocaust came from outside of Germany

WW2

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25
Q

WW2

  1. When was Poland invaded
A

September the 1st 1939

WW2

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26
Q

WW2

  1. How many jews in poland
A

3.3 million

WW2

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27
Q

WW2

  1. How many jews lived in warsaw
A

375000 Jews or 30% of the population

WW2

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28
Q

WW2

  1. killing squad
A

Einsatzgruppen

WW2

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29
Q

WW2

  1. Einsatzgruppen dates
A

June 1941 while invading the Soviet Union. The original structure of the Einsatzgruppen was to murder any Jewish men they came across but due to the issue of still having to provide for the Jewish women and children by September 1941 men, women and children were all being shot and buried in mass graves which many were forced to dig themselves.

WW2

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30
Q

WW2

  1. Gas started to be used
A

September 1941

WW2

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31
Q

WW2

  1. mobil gas units started to use when
A

Chelmno on December 6th 1941

WW2

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32
Q

WW2

  1. Mobil gas units other information
A

where Jews from surrounding areas were taken to manor houses where they handed over their possessions and stripped, they were then led out to vans which when filled with 50-70 Jews were shut and filled with carbon dioxide and died due to asphyxiation, where those who died were finally buried in mass graves.

WW2

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33
Q

Event

  1. When was the Wannsee conference
A

20th January 1942

Event

34
Q

Event

  1. Hosted by
A

General Reinhard Heydrich

Event

35
Q

Event

  1. Who/what type of people attended
A

It was attended by well-read and smart men, eight had doctorates and multiple were loyal, all but two were under the age of 50.

Event

36
Q

Event

  1. Goal/purpose of conference
A

The purpose of the meeting was to organise the logistics of the holocaust and coordinate the inter-agency cooperation needed to facilitate it. The goal of the meeting was to stop the continuation of the Jewish people and to exterminate the eleven million Jews who lived in Europe.

Event

37
Q

Event

  1. Quote by Adolf Eichmann
A

chief of Jewish affairs stated “they minced no words about it at all.”.

Event

38
Q

Holocaust

  1. How many people died in the holocaust
A

6 million

Holocaust

39
Q

Holocaust

  1. Why holocaust significant
A

The Holocaust holds significance due to the number of lives that were lost during it, over the four-year period 6 million European Jews died, and due to it, families were destroyed and lives forever altered. The Holocaust impacted millions of people not just those who died.

Holocaust

40
Q

Holocaust

  1. When was the holocaust
A

1941 to 1945

Holocaust

41
Q

Holocaust

  1. Mobil killing units
A

einsatzgruppen

Holocaust

42
Q

Holocaust

  1. When did einsatzgruppen start and who was first killed
A

June 1941, men, later women and kids added

Holocaust

43
Q

Holocaust

  1. Where was einsatzgruppen first ‘used’
A

invasion of soviet union

Holocaust

44
Q

Holocaust

  1. How many died from eizengruppen
A

1.5 million

Holocaust

45
Q

Holocaust

  1. First using gas information
A

November the 1st 1941 in Belzec in which Nazis practised using insect repellent on Soviet Prisoners of War, with the prisoners dying within 30 minutes after exposure

Holocaust

46
Q

Holocaust

  1. Stationary gas vans information
A

December the 6th 1941 the implementation of stationary gas vans in Chelmno occurred, with Jewish people being herded in the vans with around from 50 to 70 in each, where they were then locked in and gassed with carbon monoxide.

Holocaust

47
Q

Holocaust

  1. Operation Reinhard
A

Operation Reinhard was the code name for the three death camps Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka in which Nazis are estimated to have killed 1.5 million.The camps employed the use of carbon monoxide, these camps in particular were created to kill the 2 million Jews living in Poland.

Holocaust

48
Q

Holocaust

  1. ther information like how many extermination camps by certain date
A

In late 1942, there were around 6 extermination camps within Nazi-occupied territory whose sole purpose was the killing of Jews.

Holocaust

49
Q

Holocaust

  1. Auschwick how many died and what was used
A

use of zyklon b, they found it killed victims faster. At the height of the killing at Auschwick’s around 6,000 were killed each day between 1943-1944, and an estimated 1.3 million were murdered there in total.

Holocaust

50
Q

Holocaust

  1. Auschwick survior quote and by who
A

“Total complete misery” - Ellis Lewin

Holocaust

51
Q

Holocaust

  1. When and why death marches, other info
A

After the invasion of the Allies in Nazi-occupied territory many camps were deconstructed by the Jews who lived in them, the Nazis then forced Jews to march during 1944-1945. Over the course of these marches mass groups of Jews would be shot prior to, during and after the marches. Jews also die due to starvation or illness during the marches.

Holocaust

52
Q

Holocaust

  1. Holocaust other info
A

The majority of the Jews who died during the Holocaust would die outside of concentration camps instead most were either shot by SS officers or in extermination camps such as Treblinka.

Holocaust

53
Q

Resistance

  1. Why resistance significant
A

The resistance that the Jewish people demonstrated was significant due to the importance of the Jewish actions at the time, by acting this allowed the Jews to keep some dignity and humanity, and choose how they die in some cases, with it also highly significant due to certain acts of resistances helping provide those who died with justice and a voice

Resistance

54
Q

Resistance

  1. Resistance general information
A

lots of types of resistance such as escaping, hiding, helping to educate, creative activities, arming/physical and spirituality. These all demonstrated that despite the relentless struggle that Jewish people and communities had to face and against the dangers and restrictions which were placed upon them they still showed resistance. Resistances were seen all throughout Europe, in ghettos, forced labour camps, concentration camps and extermination camps.

Resistance

55
Q

Resistance

  1. Oneg Shabbat Archives by who and when
A

Emuanal Rignelblum who was a historian in October 1939 as he felt it was necessary to document information relating to Jews due to the unprecedented events around them.

Resistance

56
Q

Resistance

  1. O.S.A When was Warsaw gehtto sealed
A

After the sealing of the Warsaw Ghetto on the 5th of November 1939 the archives became an underground organisation.

Resistance

57
Q

Resistance

  1. OSA what collected
A

The information they gathered first was reports and testimony using Aleynhilf (self-help organisations), then later they collected literature, miscellaneous items such as candy wrappers, information regarding the resistances, photographs, Judenrat policies, drawings, the daily life of the ghetto such as data on the forced labour and more.

Resistance

58
Q

Resistance

  1. OSA great liquidation
A

Following the Great Deportation of the liquidation of the Warsaw Ghetto to Treblinka on July the 22nd,1942 they documented the cries of those being to be taken away, Naziposters about it and information that the rebels within the Warsaw Ghetto were spreading after it was announced.

Resistance

59
Q

Resistance

  1. When was OSA found and what used
A

The archives were contained within 10 tin boxes (buried August 3, 1942, which was found on September 18, 1946), two large milk cans (buried February 1943 which was found on December 1, 1950) and a cylindrical metal box (buried April 18, 1943, which was never recovered).

Resistance

60
Q

Resistance

  1. Quote from OSA
A

“Let the world read and know”

Resistance

61
Q

Resistance

  1. Where was the Bielski Partisan group
A

Bielski Partisan group which resided in Belarus

Resistance

62
Q

Resistance

  1. Why did Bielski group happen
A

Following the German invasion where 5,000 Jews were massacred on December 8 1941, the Beilski brothers who ran the partisan hideout in a nearby forest.

Resistance

63
Q

Resistance

  1. Group numbers of Bielski and date
A

As more and more Jews were murdered the group expanded and had more than 100 members by 1942,

Resistance

64
Q

Resistance

  1. Quote partisan group
A

Tuvia Beilski the leader stating “‘rather save one old Jewish woman than kill 10 German soldiers”.

Resistance

65
Q

Resistance

  1. Group/partisan stats and general info
A

The group accepted a diverse range of people from varying education, class level, political views and age, with only 20% of the group fighters and the rest women, children and elderly. The group organised guerilla attacks on Nazis and murdered top nazi officials and collaborators.

Resistance

66
Q

Resistance

  1. Partisan group final numbers and dates
A

Following liberation by the Red Army in July 1944 the group had amassed over 1,200 members, the largest partisan group within German-occupied Europe.

Resistance

67
Q

Justice

  1. Why is justice significance
A

Their endeavours for justice just hold significance givens the extent of the impact of the trial on society. This can be seen with a precedent set for when genocides and war crimes were committed afterwards trials were held such as Russian soldiers being tried for their actions in Ukraine.

Justice

68
Q

Justice

  1. When was the trials
A

The Nuremberg trials were held in Nuremberg from the 20th of November, 1945 to the 1st of October 1946.

Justice

69
Q

Justice

  1. Who created the trial/IMT
A

The United States, Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union created the International Military Tribunal

Justice

70
Q

Justice

  1. How many Nazis were indicted for first set
A

24 top Nazi officials

Justice

71
Q

Justice

  1. What were the four crimes
A

Waging Aggressive War, War Crimes, Crimes Against Humanity and Conspiracy

Justice

72
Q

Justice

  1. Example of two Nazi tried
A

Nazis such as Hermann Göring (Hitler’s former deputy) were tried for all four crimes and convicted of all and sentenced to death. Göring did commit suicide on the eve of his execution. Rudolf Höss the commandant of Auschtiwz was also tried later in March 1947 with him convicted and sentenced to death.

Justice

73
Q

Justice

  1. End of trial stastics
A

At the end of the trials (including subsequent trials of lower-ranking people who assisted the Nazis and other Nazis who were not in the original indictments), 199 people were tried, 161 were convicted and 37 people were sentenced to death.

Justice

74
Q

Justice

  1. Info about trials
A

The Nazis were provided lawyers in order to ensure that one could not claim that the trials were not fair, the prosecutors came from each of the four countries that set up the International Military Tribunal.

Justice

75
Q

Justice

  1. Why trials important
A

The trials hold vast importance as they allow victims to seek some sort of justice. The trials were also important as they showed the world and Germans what occurred during the holocaust with factual evidence. This prompted many to snap out of their delusions that the Nazis were wrong in their actions and did commit the accused crimes, it also set a precedent that those who commit crimes such as the Nazis will be held accountable as an attempt to stop future genocides.

Justice

76
Q

Justice

  1. Other genocides dates
A

Other genocides committed following 1945 have also been tried at the Internal Military Court such as the Rwanda Geocndie in 1994.

Justice

77
Q

Intro

  1. Intro quote
A

Future generations will damn you in your grave for what you have done.” Erich LUDENDORFF

Intro

78
Q

Conclusion

  1. Conclusion quote
A

“For the dead and the living, we must bear witness”.
Elie Wiesel

Conclusion

79
Q

Who created the fire analogy

A

Historian Doris Bergern

80
Q

Intro quote p2:

A

“As these fifteen men gathered at Wannsee, four of five Jews who were to be murdered in the Holocaust were still alive; fifteen months later in the spring of 1943, four out of five were already dead.” Here scholar Michael Berenbaum

History (NCEA L2/3) (3 decks)

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