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uoft year 1 semester 1 > ESS197 final exam > Flashcards

ESS197 final exam Flashcards

1
Q

the three parts of the earth are:

A

core, mantle, crust.

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2
Q

describe the core.

A
  • made out of two main parts, a solid inner core and a liquid outer core
  • the center of our planet
  • up to 55 000 C
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3
Q

what is the outer core of the earth made of?

A

mostly nickel, iron, and molten rock.

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4
Q

describe the mantle.

A
  • between the core and the crust.
  • about 2900 km thick.
  • the top part of the mantle and the crust form the lithosphere.
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5
Q

what is the mantle made of?

A

dense, iron and magnesium-rich rock.

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6
Q

describe the crust.

A
  • the top, outermost layer of the earth.
  • two types of crust, oceanic and continental.
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7
Q

describe oceanic crust.

A

denser and thinner; made mostly out of basalt.

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8
Q

describe continental crust.

A

less dense and thicker; made mostly out of granite.

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9
Q

is continental crust thicker or thinner than oceanic crust?

A

thicker.

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10
Q

is continental crust more or less dense than oceanic crust?

A

less.

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11
Q

geologic time scale is define as:

A

a representation of time on the geological record.

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12
Q

the four eons, in order from oldest to youngest, are:

A

hadean, archean, proterozoic, and phanerozoic.

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13
Q

the three eras in the phanerozoic eon, from oldest to youngest, are:

A

paleozoic, mesozoic, and cenozoic.

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14
Q

the periods in the paleozoic era, from oldest to youngest, are:

A

cambrian, ordovician, silurian, devonian, carboniferous, and permian.

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15
Q

the periods in the mesozoic era, from oldest to youngest, are:

A

triassic, jurassic, and cretateous.

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16
Q

the periods in the cenozoic era, from oldest to youngest, are:

A

tertiary and quaternary.

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17
Q

how many periods are there?

A

eleven.

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18
Q

the cambrian period is known for:

A

invertebrate animals and brachiopods.

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19
Q

the ordovician period is known for:

A

early bony fish.

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20
Q

the silurian period is known for:

A

earliest land animals.

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21
Q

the devonian period is known for:

A

first seed plants.

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22
Q

the carboniferous period is known for:

A

first insects.

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23
Q

the permian period is known for:

A

first reptiles.

24
Q

the triassic period is known for:

A

first dinosaurs.

25
Q

the jurrasic period is known for:

A

first birds.

26
Q

the cretaceous period is known for:

A

modern seed plants, dinosaurs.

27
Q

the tertiary period is known for:

A

rise in mammals.

28
Q

the quaternary period is known for:

A

the age of the humans.

29
Q

the theory of plate tectonics states that:

A

earth’s lithosphere is divided into multiple plates that move around and make contact with each other.

30
Q

the rock cycle is:

A

a series of processes that transform one type of rock into another.

31
Q

the three types of rock in the rock cycle are:

A

igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary.

32
Q

igneous rock is:

A

made from the solidification of magma or lava.

33
Q

metamorphic rock is:

A

already existing rock altered via heat, pressure, or chemical changes that do not melt the rock.

34
Q

sedimentary rock is:

A

rock created from the accumulation, computation, and cementation of mineral and organic particles.

35
Q

relative dating:

A

describing the relative order of past events without determining a numerical age.

36
Q

absolute dating:

A

the process of determining age via radiometric techniques.

37
Q

define fossil.

A

the preserved remains of plants + animals in sedimentary rock.

38
Q

fossils are important because:

A

they provide important evidence for evolution, and information regarding past environments. can also be used to date rocks.

39
Q

the two categories of fossils are:

A

fossilized body parts and fossilized traces.

40
Q

define index fossil.

A

a fossil that is characteristic of a particular span of geologic time or enviroment.

41
Q

to be an index fossil, a fossil must be:

A
  • abundant
  • represent a short paleontological range
  • have a widespread geographic distribution.
42
Q

define mass extinction.

A

a short period in geological time in which a high percentage of biodiversity or distinct species dies out.

43
Q

how many mass extinction events have occured?

A

five.

44
Q

the five mass extinctions, from oldest to youngest, are:

A
  • the ordovician-silurian extinction
  • the late devonian extinction
  • the permian-triassic extinction
  • the triassic-jurrasic extinction
  • the cretaceous-tertiary extinction
45
Q

when did the ordovician-silurian extinction occur, what was the death rate, and what were the causes?

A
  • 440 million years ago.
  • death rate of around 85% of al animal species on earth.
  • causes: climate change.
46
Q

when did the late devonian extinction occur, what was the death rate, and what were the causes?

A
  • 365 million years ago.
  • death rate of around 70-80% of species in marine communities.
  • causes: lack of aquatic oxygen circulation, decrease of CO2 in the atmosphere, and global cooling.
47
Q

what was the late devonian extinction known as?

A

The Age of the Fishes.

48
Q

index fossils of the late devonian extinction:

A

trilobites.

49
Q

when did the permian-triassic extinction occur, what was the death rate, and what were the causes?

A
  • 250 million years ago.
  • death rate of 99%.
  • causes: mass volcanism, rise in ocean + atmospheric temperatures.
50
Q

index fossils are the permian-triassic extinction:

A

lystrosaurus, conodonts.

51
Q

when did the triassic-jurrasic extinction occur, what was the death rate, and what were the causes?

A
  • 210 million years ago.
    death rate of around 76%.
  • causes: mass volcanism, climate change (more CO2 in atmosphere, causing temps. to go up)
52
Q

when did the cretaceous-tertiary extinction occur, what was the death rate, and what were the causes?

A
  • 65 million years ago.
  • death rate approximately 75% of all life on earth.
  • causes: mass volcanism, asteroid impact.
  • dinosaurs were the dominant land animals during this time.
53
Q

index fossils of the cretaceous-tertiary extinction:

A
  • coccolithophores, dinosaurs.
54
Q

what was the biggest mass extinction ever recorded?

A

the permian-triassic extinction.

55
Q

the Quaternary Extinction Event:

A
  • not a mass extinction.
  • the extinctions of megafauna all over the world.
  • causes: climate change and human hunting.
  • 50 000 to 10 000 years ago.

uoft year 1 semester 1 (3 decks)

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