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ESS > ESS Topic 4 > Flashcards

ESS Topic 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Renewability of water

A

oceans - non renewable (long turnover time)
ice caps - non renewable
groundwater - middle ground
rivers - renewable
atmosphere - renewable (short turnover time)

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2
Q

Water Cycle Flows transfers

A

advection (Wind blown movement)
flooding
surface run-off
infiltration & precolation (water running through soils and rocks)
stream flow and current

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3
Q

Water cycle flows transformation

A

evapotranspiration - liquid to water vapour
condensation
freezing

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4
Q

Water cycle storages

A

oceans
soils
glaciers & ice caps
groundwater (aquifiers)
lakes
rive & streams
atmosphere

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5
Q

Human impact on water cycle

A

Withdrawals - domestic use, irrigation
discharges - addition of pollutants
changing speed that water flows - channelling underground, canalising, dams resoviors and barrages
diverting rivers

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6
Q

Ocean circulation systems

A

driven by differences in temperature and salinity
results in difference in water density driving ocean conveyer belt - distributes heat around world (affect climate)

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7
Q

Ocean conveyer belt

A

impacted by humans
seasons impact
currents move nutrients

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8
Q

Flash flooding

A

occurs when rainfall or snowmelt cannot infiltrate soil and runs off surface
caused by:
urbanisation
population sprawl
development then infrastructure
can cause water scarcity and water stress

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9
Q

How do humans use fresh water

A

domestic purposes
agriculture
industry
hydroelectric power generation
transportation
marking boundaries between nation states

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10
Q

desalinisation

A

most earth water is salinized
costs energy and money
salt as by-product gets dumped back in water increases density of water damages ocean-bottom systems

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11
Q

Sustainable freshwater sources

A

surface freshwater
underground aquifiers - often used unsustainably because of slow water flow

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12
Q

Freshwater issues

A

climate change disrupts rainfall
low water in rivers/streams
slow water flow resulting in sedimentation
underground aquifiers exahausted
freshwater contaminated
irrigation resulting in soil degradation
fertilisers and pesticides pollutes rivers and streams
industries release pollutants into surface water bodies

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13
Q

Freshwater solutions

A

increase freshwater supply
reduce domestic use of freshwater - become water efficient
grey water - recylcing
industries remove pollutants from their wastewater with water treatment plants

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14
Q

how to increase freshwater supply

A

reservoirs
redistribution
desalination plants
rainwater harvesting systems
artificially recharging aquifiers

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15
Q

Marine ecosystems and food webs

A

usually very biodiverse and have high stability & resilience
above continental shelf more productive than in deep oceans

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16
Q

Continental shelf

A

extension of continents under sea
creates shallow water

17
Q

Classification of marine organisms

A

bethnic - living on or in sea bed
pelagic - living surrounded by water from above seabed or surface

18
Q

ways to make fish farming more sustainable

A

livestock and poultry processing waste to make fishmeal - using scraps wasted in past
some carnivorous fish can get enough nutrients from alternative sources without eating other fish

19
Q

impacts of fish farms

A

loss of habitats
pollution
spread of diseases
escaped species may survive to interbreed with wild fish
escaped species may outcompete native

20
Q

causes of Overfishing

A

commercial fishing
fishing fleets
fishing vessels, supply vessels, factory ships
indiscriminate fishing gear
trawles drag huge nets

21
Q

Water pollution types

A

anthropogenic
point source or non point source
organic or inorganic (carbon from living things)
direct or indirect

22
Q

aquatic pollutants

A

floating debris
organic material
inorganic plant nutrients
toxic metals
synthetic compounds (POPs)
suspended soils
hot water
oil
radioactive pollution
pathogens
light
noise
biological pollutants

23
Q

effect of organic material

A

affects water quality and biological indicators

24
Q

effect of inorganic plant nutrients

A

soil erosion and land run off

25
Q

effect of toxic metals and synthetic compounds

A

biomagnification and bioaccumulation

26
Q

effect of suspended soils

A

higher turbidity = less light and photosynthesis (no ecosystem if too many soilds)

27
Q

effect of hot water

A

organisms grow at different temperatures altering entire ecosystem

28
Q

tests to qualify aquatic systems

A

pH temperature
turbidity / suspended soils
metals
nitrates
phosphates

29
Q

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

A

measure of amount of dissolved oxygen is required to break down organic material in given volume of water through aneorobic biological activity
used to measure amount of organic matter within a sample

30
Q

Biotic Index

A

measures health in environment by assessing impact on species according to their
- tolerance
-diversity
-relative abundance

31
Q

things used to calculate biotic index

A

indicator species
BOD

32
Q

Eutrohpication

A

occurs when lakes, estuaries and coastal waters receive inputs of nutrients resulting in excess groth of plants & phytoplankton

33
Q

Flow chart of eutrophication

A

Farm –> fertiliser –> nutrient excess –> algal bloom —> release CO2 –> decrease O2–> anoxic conditions —> dead zone

34
Q

Impacts of eutrophication

A

unsightly rivers etc.
smelly
anaerobic water
loss of biodiversity & shortened food chains
death of higher plants
death of aerobic organisms
increased turbidity of water

35
Q

Causes of eutrophicaiton

A

detergents, fertilisers, drainage, sewage, erosion of topsoil

36
Q

Replace management strategies

A

ban or limit detergents with phosphates
use ecodetergents
plant buffer zones to absorb excess nutrients
stop leaching slurry and sewage from sources

37
Q

water Regulate management strategies

A

treat wastewater before release to remove phosphate and nitrates
divert or treat sewage waste effectively
minimise fertiliser dosage or use organic matter

38
Q

Water Restore management strategies

A

pump air through lakes
dredge up sediments with high nutrient levels
remove excess weeds physically or by herbicides and algicides
restock ponds and water bodies

ESS (10 decks)

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