ESS Topic 3

Question 1

Biodiversity

Answer 1

number of different individuals or life forms in an area
highest at equator
not a static measure but a response to factors

Question 2

Measure of biodiversity

Answer 2

genetics, species or ecosystem levels

Question 3

Improve biodiversity

Answer 3

increase managing land
creating cities with space for other species

Question 4

Species Diversity

Answer 4

a product of 2 variables:
no. of species (richness)
and their relative proportions (eveness)

Question 5

Habitat Diversity

Answer 5

range of different habitats in an ecosystem or biome

Question 6

Genetic Diversity

Answer 6

range of genetic material present in population of species

Question 7

Biodiversity Hotspots

Answer 7

region with high level of biodiversity under thret from human activities

Question 8

Speciation

Answer 8

gradual change of species over a long time
occurs when species are separated
humans speed it up - genetic engineering
may have geographical or reproductive causes

Question 9

3 causes of speciation

Answer 9

physical barriers - develop into 2 or more new species
land bridges - invade new areas
continental drift - new habitats

Question 10

Estimates of total number of species

Answer 10

vary considerably
based on mathematical models
- classification issues
- lack of finance

Question 11

human influence on species loss

Answer 11

habitat destruction
introducing invasive species
pollution
over-harvesting
hunting

Question 12

Factors determing IUCN status

Answer 12

population size,
degree of specialisation,
distribution,
reproductive potential and behaviour,
geographic range + degree of fragmentation,
quality of habitat,
trophic level and probability of extinction

Question 13

Tropical Biomes

Answer 13

contains most globally biodiverse areas
unsustainable exploitation results in massive biodiversity loss
most occur in LEDCs and therefore there is a conflict between exploitation sustainable development and conservation

Question 14

Direct Value of Biodiversity

Answer 14

Food Sources
Natural Products

Question 15

Indirect Value of biodiversity

Answer 15

environmental services
scientific and educational value
biological control agents
gene pools
future potential
human health
human rights
recreational/ecotourism
intrinsic value
biorights self-perpetuation

Question 16

Conservation biology

Answer 16

sustainable use and management of natural resources

Question 17

Preservation biology

Answer 17

attempts to exclude human activities in areas where humans have not yet encroached

Question 18

Intergovernmental Organisation (IGOs)

Answer 18

composed of and answering to group of member states (international)

Question 19

Governmental Organisations

Answer 19

part of and funded by national government
bueraucratic
research regulation monitoring and control activities

Question 20

Non-governmental organisation

Answer 20

not for profit
diverse

Question 21

Species based conservation

Answer 21

CITIES agreement
Captive Breeding Zoos
Botanical Gardens & Seed Banks
Flagship Species
Keystone Species

Question 22

CITIES Agreement

Answer 22

addresses species becoming endangered because of international trade
appendix I - cannot be traded
Appendix II - can be traded but with regulations
Appendix III - included by request of country (need corporation from other countries

Question 23

Habitat conservation

Answer 23

Designing protected areas

Question 24

Single Large Conservation

Answer 24

contains sufficient numbers os a large wide-ranging species
minimises edge effects
provides more habitats for species

Question 25

Several Small Conservation

Answer 25

provides greater range of habitats
more populations of a rare species
danger of man-made disaster wiping out reserve and its inhabitants reduced as some reserves may escape damage

Question 26

Edge effects

Answer 26

an increase or decline in abundance or occurrence of a species near the edge, often in response to altered environmental conditions near the edge