Espionage, Prisons, and Hard War

Question 1

Emancipation Proclamation

Answer 1

Executive order issued by Lincoln stating that slaves in Confederate states would become freedmen

• Lincoln framed it as a military necessity
• Increased federal military recruitment of African Americans

Question 2

National Draft- Confederacy

Answer 2

All men between 18-35 required to join the Confederate army
-American authorities had never instituted a draft before this.
-Southern men despised it because they were automatically re-enlisted for 3 years
-Accused of being used to make lower classes do the fighting due to exclusions
-

Question 3

Twenty-Negro Law

Answer 3

All plantation owners with more than 20 slaves did not have to enlist in the Army

• Slaves needed a white overseer and the wife needed protection against the slaves
• Discontent between small farmers and large plantations
• Led to desertion of the Confederate Army by poor

Question 4

Impressment

Answer 4

Policy of the Confederate government to seize food, fuel, slaves, and other commodities to support armies in the field during the American Civil War (including slaves)

Question 5

Tax-In-Kind

Answer 5

Confederate gov’t was allowed to take 10% of any crops anywhere in the Confederacy
-This led to riots

Question 6

National Draft- Union

Answer 6

All men between 20 and 45 had to submit their name to the government, there was then a lottery to choose soldiers

• Two ways to get out of the draft: pay $300 or find a substitute
• Working class men could not afford to pay their way out- sign of growing animosity between classes
• Rifts were also along racial lines- immigrants in large cities became angrier

Question 7

New York Draft Riots

Answer 7

Riots caused by anti-draft and anti-black sentiment lasting about 4 days

• Irish working men were enraged by the draft
• Over 100 people died, mostly black residents of NYC by lynching, arson etc.

Question 8

The Fire in the Rear

Answer 8

Name for the people in the north who were against the Civil War
-Tried to sway people to avoid the draft but were imprisoned by the union

Question 9

Espionage

Answer 9

Attempts at spying were haphazard and uncoordinated during the Civil War
• Spies were ordinary men and women wanting to help their country
• Secret Service Bureau- confederacy
• National Detective Police- union organization headed by Allan J. Pinkerton
• Less organized than CIA today, understaffed
• Individual generals would try to use info for battles

Question 10

Vicksburg

Answer 10

○ Solidified the gains of Shiloh
○ Grant laid siege to Vicksburg- cut off their food supplies
○ After six weeks, the rebels in Vicksburg surrendered
○ MS river was fully under Union control, the Confederate territory was split in two making it weaker

Question 11

Gettysburg

Answer 11

○ Confederate attack on north
○ Battle lasted for 3 days- Confederates seemed to have advantage on day 1, but General George Mead (Union) made sure more troops ready to fight on day 2,
- Day 3 Lee wanted a frontal assault: Pickett’s Charge
- Unsuccessful- caused confederate retreat back to Potomac river
○ Resounding Union victory
○ Cost Lee 1/3 of his army

Question 12

Gettysburg Address

Answer 12

• Lincoln spoke at the dedication of the National Cemetery
• Important because there were no federal cemeteries before this, secondly the substance of Lincoln’s speech was pivotal (changed the position of many northerners)
• Focused on a new birth of freedom- encouraged thinking about not putting the union back together, but as part of long-term US struggle for freedom

Question 13

Fort Pillow

Answer 13

Union held this fort for 2 years, 300 black union soldiers and 300 white union soldiers
○ Confederate army headed by Nathan Bedford Forrest
○ Reports began to circulate that this was not a simple military attack, but a massacre- mutilation
○ Seen as a sign of confederate atrocities against blacks in the Civil War
○ Seen as a rallying point for confederate armies
○ To many northerners unsure of which side they supported, this helped solidify anti-Southern position

Question 14

Dix-Hill Agreement

Answer 14

• Main intent was to standardize all prisoner exchanges
○ Instead of generals negotiating exchanges, special agents were given the job
○ Two exchange locations
○ Excess captives let out on parole
• Worked for a few months, but didn’t last and prisons became preferred option
• Paroled prisoners didn’t always do what they said they’d do- Paroled prisoners camp developed but took up too much time and money
• What to do with northern black soldiers? Confederacy did not want to treat them like white soldiers. Wanted to sell them into slavery or kill them
• 1863- the formation of prisons