ESP- Energy Flashcards
This is the “currency” of all biological energy
ATP
ATP stands for
Adenosinetriphosphate
What is chemical energy?
Is the energy stored within the bonds of chemical compounds (CHOs)
“Stored” energy which is ready to use when required (ATP)
Potential energy
Define kinetic energy
Energy in the form of muscle contraction/joint movement
What is ATP?
Chemical energy stored as a high energy compound in the body.
It is the ONLY immediate usable source of energy in the body
Define energy and state how it is measured
Is the ability to perform work, or put mass into motion.
Energy is measured in joules (J). This describes the force of 1 Newton (= to 1kg x gravity) acting through a distance of 1 metre.
Energy is also measured in calories (1 cal= 4.18 joules)
How is work calculated?
Work (J)= force (N) x distance moved (m)
What is work?
Work is when a force is applied to a body to move it a certain distance
Define power and explain how it is calculated
Power is the rate at which work can be done, i.e. work divided by time. Power is measured in watts (w)
Power (w) = work/time = force (N) x distance (m) / time (seconds
Which enzyme breaks down ATP to create energy for movement?
ATPase
The breakdown of ATP is an ____________ reaction
exothermic
What is an exothermic reaction?
A reaction that releases energy
What is an endothermic reaction
A reaction that consumes energy
How long can the body’s stores of ATP provide energy for
2-3 seconds
ATP (ATPase) –> _____________?
ADP + Pi + ENERGY
True or false
The breakdown of ATP -> ADP + Pi + ENERGY is a reversible reactions
True
What is a coupled reaction?
using the product from one reaction in another reaction
ATP-(ATPase)-> ADP + Pi + ENERGY is an example of which type of reaction?
exothermic
Define an exothermic reaction
A reaction that releases/produces energy
ADP + Pi + ENERGY –> ATP is an example of which type of reaction? Why?
coupled and endothermic
Because it uses the products from another reaction and energy is consumed in the reaction
How long does can the ATP stores in the muscles provide energy for work?
2-3 seconds
What is ATP resynthesis?
The 3 energy systems are used to create energy to rebuild ATP for continued muscular contraction
Name the 3 energy systems
ATP/PC
Lactic Acid
Aerobic
The predominant energy system used in an activity is dependent on which 2 factors?
Intensity and duration of the exercise
Summarise the ATP/PC system via the 3 formulas
ATP -(ATPase)-> ADP + Pi + ENERGY (1 ATP)
PC -(Creatine kinase)-> C + P + ENERGY
ADP + P + ENERGY –> ATP
What links the phosphate molecules in ATP?
High energy bonds
During the first 3 seconds of exercise, ATP levels fall and ADP levels rise, causing the release of ___________, which stimulates the breakdown of PC.
Creatine kinase
The ATP/PC system is also known as the
Alactic system
The reactions of the ATP/PC system take place in the
muscle sarcoplasm
The ATP/PC system: Fuels: Site of reaction: Controlling enzyme: Yield: By products:
Fuels: ATP/phosphocreatine Site of reaction: sarcoplasm Controlling enzyme: creatine kinase Yield: 1:1 By products: none
The ATP system is aerobic/anaerobic
anaerobic
PC can resynthesise ATP for a maximum of ____ seconds
10
ATP/PC system is the predominant energy system for events of:
very high intensity
very short duration
Give 3 advantages of the ATP/PC system
Fast- stored in the muscles No delay for O2 delivery Provides energy for high intensity No fatiguing by products PC can be resynthesised quickly
Give three disadvantages of the ATP/PC system
We store only small amounts of ATP and PC
Inefficient 1:1
Short duration- 8-10 secs
Give 3 training adaptations of anaerobic training on the ATP/PC system
increases the body’s stores of ATP/PC.
delays the threshold between the ATP/PC and the lactic acid system
increases the potential duration of high intensity for up to 1-2 seconds
Describe the lactic acid system via formula
glycogen -(GPP)-> glucose-6-phosphate -(PFK)-> pyruvic acid (+2 ATP)–([insufficient O2] LDH)-> lactic acid
the incomplete breakdown of glycogen in the absence of sufficient oxygen is called
anaerobic glycolysis
Anaerobic glycolysis takes place in the ______
muscle sarcoplasm
Where is glycogen stored?
Muscles and liver
Where do our glycogen stores come from?
Our diet- particularly complex carbohydrates
Which 3 enzymes are involved in anaerobic glycolysis?
GPP (glycogen phosphorylase)
PFK (PhosphoFructoKinase)
LDH (lactate dehydrogenase)
The lactic acid system can resynthesise ATP for approximately ______ depending on exercise intensity
2-3 mins
The lactic acid system is the predominant energy system for events of:
high intensity
short duration
What is OBLA?
Onset of blood lactate accumulation. When exercise produces more lactic acid than can be removed. Over 4 mmol/L
Describe the impact that OBLA has on energy production
OBLA decreases the pH within the muscle cells.
This inhibits the enzymes involved in glycolysis which prevents the breakdown of glucose and induces muscular fatigue.
Lactic acid also stimulates pain receptors
It takes about _____ to remove lactic acid with a gentle warm down
1 hour
What happens to lactic acid when it is produced?
Converted back to pyruvic acid during recovery and used as energy by the heart and other muscles.
70% of lactic acid produced is oxidised for energy
20% is converted to glucose (energy) in the liver.
10% is converted to protein.
Give 2 examples of activities when the lactic acid system is the predominant energy system
400m runners
50/100m swimmers
Games players who have a high number of repeated, high intensity sprints without any time to recover
Give 3 effects that repeated bouts of anaerobic training which overload the LA system produce
increase the body’s tolerance to lactic acid
increase the body’s glycogen stores
delays OBLA
prolongs the lactic acid system threshold by delaying fatigue
Allows athletes to work at higher intensities for longer periods- very important for 400m runners, 50-100m swimmers and games players who could carry out more intervals before fatiguing
Give 3 advantages of the lactic acid system
Used for high intensity work
Relatively quick- no delay for O2
Large glycogen stores
Can work aerobically or anaerobically
Give 3 disadvantages of the lactic acid system
Short duration
Lactic acid build up= reduces pH= fatigue
inefficient 1:2
Stimulates pain receptors
The lactic acid system: Fuel: Site of reaction: Controlling enzyme: Yield: By products:
Fuel: glycogen Site of reaction: sarcoplasm Controlling enzyme: GPP, PFK, LDH Yield: 1:2 By products: lactic acid
What are the 3 stages of aerobic respiration?
Aerobic glycolysis
Kreb’s Cycle
Electron Transfer Chain
Summarise aerobic glycolysis using a formula
glycogen -(GPP)-> glucose-6-phosphate -(PFK)-> pyruvic acid (+2 ATP)–(sufficient O2)+ Coenzyme A-> Acetyl CoA
Aerobic glycolysis takes place in the
muscle sarcoplasm
How many ATP molecules are resynthesised during glycolysis?
2
Summarise the Kreb’s cycle using a formula
Acetyl CoA + oxaloacetic acid -> citric acid -> ENTERS KREBS CYCLE->
CO2 is produced for removal via the lungs
Hydrogen atoms are removed (oxidised)
Energy is produced to resynthesise 2 ATP molecules
Oxaloacetic acid is regenerated
Where does the Kreb’s Cycle take place?
Matrix of the mitochondria
Summarise the formula and outcomes of the ETC
H + FAD & NAD -> FADH & NADH -> PASS DOWN ETC
the hydrogen electron (e-) is split from the hydrogen atom and passes down the ETC:
this produces sufficient energy to resynthesise 34 ATP molecules
the hydrogen ion (H+) combines with oxygen to form H2O
Where does the ETC take place?
Cristae of the mitochondria
Summarise the energy yield from aerobic respiration
2 ATP from aerobic glycolysis
2 ATP from the Kreb’s cycle
34 ATP from the ETC
TOTAL= 38 ATP
Summarise aerobic respiration via either equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (for 38 ATP)
or
glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy
aerobic system: Fuel: Site of reaction: Controlling enzyme: Yield: By products:
Fuel: glycogen
Site of reaction: sarcoplasm/ matrix/cristae of mitochondria
Controlling enzyme: GPP/PFK/Coenzyme A/lipase (fats)
Yield: 1:38
By products: H20 and CO2
Summarise how fats (triglycerides) are broken down aerobically
Triglycerides- (lipase)-> Free Fatty Acids (FFAs) + glycerol-> Acetyl CoA ->enters and is broken down in the Kreb’s cycle and ETC
The breakdown of fats is called
beta-oxidation
Why is glycogen a preferable energy source compared to fats?
requires 15% more oxygen= must work at a lower intensity
Specific aerobic training will cause a number of adaptations which will help to improve the aerobic system’s efficiency to resynthesise ATP. Give 3.
increased storage of muscle and liver glycogen
increased activation of aerobic enzymes
earlier use of FFAs as a fuel source which conserves glycogen stores
Increase the aerobic threshold= increased exercise intensity
Delays muscle fatigue by delaying OBLA= maximises its efficiency in removing lactate during recovery
Give 3 advantages of the aerobic system
Large glycogen and FFA stores
Efficient resynthesis 1:38
Provides energy for moderate intensity, long duration exercise
No fatiguing by products
Give 3 disadvantages of the aerobic system
Slower rate of ATP resynthesis
Delay for O2 delivery
What is the energy continuum?
The relative contribution of all three energy systems to the resynthesis of ATP at the same time
In a 400m race, identify the predominant energy system at these points:
2 seconds
20 seconds
45 seconds
2 seconds: ATP/PC
20 seconds: Lactic acid
45 seconds: Aerobic
Describe when the anaerobic threshold may occur during exercise of:
very high intensity
high intensity
moderate intensity
very high intensity: 30 seconds
high intensity: 60 seconds
moderate intensity: 180 seconds (3 mins)
Give an example and name the predominant energy system for events of:
very high intensity, very short duration
high intensity, short duration
moderate intensity, long duration
very high intensity, very short duration: ATP/PC (javelin)
high intensity, short duration: Lactic acid (400m)
moderate intensity, long duration: Aerobic (triathlon)
