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A2 Physical Education > ESP- Energy > Flashcards

ESP- Energy Flashcards

1
Q

This is the “currency” of all biological energy

A

ATP

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2
Q

ATP stands for

A

Adenosinetriphosphate

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3
Q

What is chemical energy?

A

Is the energy stored within the bonds of chemical compounds (CHOs)

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4
Q

“Stored” energy which is ready to use when required (ATP)

A

Potential energy

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5
Q

Define kinetic energy

A

Energy in the form of muscle contraction/joint movement

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6
Q

What is ATP?

A

Chemical energy stored as a high energy compound in the body.
It is the ONLY immediate usable source of energy in the body

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7
Q

Define energy and state how it is measured

A

Is the ability to perform work, or put mass into motion.
Energy is measured in joules (J). This describes the force of 1 Newton (= to 1kg x gravity) acting through a distance of 1 metre.
Energy is also measured in calories (1 cal= 4.18 joules)

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8
Q

How is work calculated?

A

Work (J)= force (N) x distance moved (m)

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9
Q

What is work?

A

Work is when a force is applied to a body to move it a certain distance

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10
Q

Define power and explain how it is calculated

A

Power is the rate at which work can be done, i.e. work divided by time. Power is measured in watts (w)

Power (w) = work/time = force (N) x distance (m) / time (seconds

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11
Q

Which enzyme breaks down ATP to create energy for movement?

A

ATPase

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12
Q

The breakdown of ATP is an ____________ reaction

A

exothermic

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13
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

A reaction that releases energy

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14
Q

What is an endothermic reaction

A

A reaction that consumes energy

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15
Q

How long can the body’s stores of ATP provide energy for

A

2-3 seconds

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16
Q

ATP (ATPase) –> _____________?

A

ADP + Pi + ENERGY

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17
Q

True or false

The breakdown of ATP -> ADP + Pi + ENERGY is a reversible reactions

A

True

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18
Q

What is a coupled reaction?

A

using the product from one reaction in another reaction

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19
Q

ATP-(ATPase)-> ADP + Pi + ENERGY is an example of which type of reaction?

A

exothermic

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20
Q

Define an exothermic reaction

A

A reaction that releases/produces energy

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21
Q

ADP + Pi + ENERGY –> ATP is an example of which type of reaction? Why?

A

coupled and endothermic

Because it uses the products from another reaction and energy is consumed in the reaction

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22
Q

How long does can the ATP stores in the muscles provide energy for work?

A

2-3 seconds

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23
Q

What is ATP resynthesis?

A

The 3 energy systems are used to create energy to rebuild ATP for continued muscular contraction

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24
Q

Name the 3 energy systems

A

ATP/PC
Lactic Acid
Aerobic

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25
Q

The predominant energy system used in an activity is dependent on which 2 factors?

A

Intensity and duration of the exercise

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26
Q

Summarise the ATP/PC system via the 3 formulas

A

ATP -(ATPase)-> ADP + Pi + ENERGY (1 ATP)
PC -(Creatine kinase)-> C + P + ENERGY
ADP + P + ENERGY –> ATP

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27
Q

What links the phosphate molecules in ATP?

A

High energy bonds

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28
Q

During the first 3 seconds of exercise, ATP levels fall and ADP levels rise, causing the release of ___________, which stimulates the breakdown of PC.

A

Creatine kinase

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29
Q

The ATP/PC system is also known as the

A

Alactic system

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30
Q

The reactions of the ATP/PC system take place in the

A

muscle sarcoplasm

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31
Q 
The ATP/PC system:
Fuels:
Site of reaction:
Controlling enzyme:
Yield:
By products:
A 
Fuels:  ATP/phosphocreatine
Site of reaction:  sarcoplasm
Controlling enzyme:  creatine kinase
Yield: 1:1
By products: none
32
Q

The ATP system is aerobic/anaerobic

A

anaerobic

33
Q

PC can resynthesise ATP for a maximum of ____ seconds

A

10

34
Q

ATP/PC system is the predominant energy system for events of:

A

very high intensity

very short duration

35
Q

Give 3 advantages of the ATP/PC system

A 
Fast- stored in the muscles
No delay for O2 delivery
Provides energy for high intensity 
No fatiguing by products
PC can be resynthesised quickly
36
Q

Give three disadvantages of the ATP/PC system

A

We store only small amounts of ATP and PC
Inefficient 1:1
Short duration- 8-10 secs

37
Q

Give 3 training adaptations of anaerobic training on the ATP/PC system

A

increases the body’s stores of ATP/PC.
delays the threshold between the ATP/PC and the lactic acid system
increases the potential duration of high intensity for up to 1-2 seconds

38
Q

Describe the lactic acid system via formula

A

glycogen -(GPP)-> glucose-6-phosphate -(PFK)-> pyruvic acid (+2 ATP)–([insufficient O2] LDH)-> lactic acid

39
Q

the incomplete breakdown of glycogen in the absence of sufficient oxygen is called

A

anaerobic glycolysis

40
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis takes place in the ______

A

muscle sarcoplasm

41
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

Muscles and liver

42
Q

Where do our glycogen stores come from?

A

Our diet- particularly complex carbohydrates

43
Q

Which 3 enzymes are involved in anaerobic glycolysis?

A

GPP (glycogen phosphorylase)
PFK (PhosphoFructoKinase)
LDH (lactate dehydrogenase)

44
Q

The lactic acid system can resynthesise ATP for approximately ______ depending on exercise intensity

A

2-3 mins

45
Q

The lactic acid system is the predominant energy system for events of:

A

high intensity

short duration

46
Q

What is OBLA?

A

Onset of blood lactate accumulation. When exercise produces more lactic acid than can be removed. Over 4 mmol/L

47
Q

Describe the impact that OBLA has on energy production

A

OBLA decreases the pH within the muscle cells.
This inhibits the enzymes involved in glycolysis which prevents the breakdown of glucose and induces muscular fatigue.
Lactic acid also stimulates pain receptors

48
Q

It takes about _____ to remove lactic acid with a gentle warm down

A

1 hour

49
Q

What happens to lactic acid when it is produced?

A

Converted back to pyruvic acid during recovery and used as energy by the heart and other muscles.
70% of lactic acid produced is oxidised for energy
20% is converted to glucose (energy) in the liver.
10% is converted to protein.

50
Q

Give 2 examples of activities when the lactic acid system is the predominant energy system

A

400m runners
50/100m swimmers
Games players who have a high number of repeated, high intensity sprints without any time to recover

51
Q

Give 3 effects that repeated bouts of anaerobic training which overload the LA system produce

A

increase the body’s tolerance to lactic acid
increase the body’s glycogen stores
delays OBLA
prolongs the lactic acid system threshold by delaying fatigue
Allows athletes to work at higher intensities for longer periods- very important for 400m runners, 50-100m swimmers and games players who could carry out more intervals before fatiguing

52
Q

Give 3 advantages of the lactic acid system

A

Used for high intensity work
Relatively quick- no delay for O2
Large glycogen stores
Can work aerobically or anaerobically

53
Q

Give 3 disadvantages of the lactic acid system

A

Short duration
Lactic acid build up= reduces pH= fatigue
inefficient 1:2
Stimulates pain receptors

54
Q 
The lactic acid system:
Fuel:
Site of reaction:
Controlling enzyme:
Yield:
By products:
A 
Fuel:  glycogen
Site of reaction:  sarcoplasm
Controlling enzyme: GPP, PFK, LDH
Yield: 1:2
By products: lactic acid
55
Q

What are the 3 stages of aerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic glycolysis
Kreb’s Cycle
Electron Transfer Chain

56
Q

Summarise aerobic glycolysis using a formula

A

glycogen -(GPP)-> glucose-6-phosphate -(PFK)-> pyruvic acid (+2 ATP)–(sufficient O2)+ Coenzyme A-> Acetyl CoA

57
Q

Aerobic glycolysis takes place in the

A

muscle sarcoplasm

58
Q

How many ATP molecules are resynthesised during glycolysis?

A

2

59
Q

Summarise the Kreb’s cycle using a formula

A

Acetyl CoA + oxaloacetic acid -> citric acid -> ENTERS KREBS CYCLE->
CO2 is produced for removal via the lungs
Hydrogen atoms are removed (oxidised)
Energy is produced to resynthesise 2 ATP molecules
Oxaloacetic acid is regenerated

60
Q

Where does the Kreb’s Cycle take place?

A

Matrix of the mitochondria

61
Q

Summarise the formula and outcomes of the ETC

A

H + FAD & NAD -> FADH & NADH -> PASS DOWN ETC
the hydrogen electron (e-) is split from the hydrogen atom and passes down the ETC:
this produces sufficient energy to resynthesise 34 ATP molecules
the hydrogen ion (H+) combines with oxygen to form H2O

62
Q

Where does the ETC take place?

A

Cristae of the mitochondria

63
Q

Summarise the energy yield from aerobic respiration

A

2 ATP from aerobic glycolysis
2 ATP from the Kreb’s cycle
34 ATP from the ETC
TOTAL= 38 ATP

64
Q

Summarise aerobic respiration via either equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (for 38 ATP)
or
glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy

65
Q 
aerobic system:
Fuel: 
Site of reaction:
Controlling enzyme:
Yield:
By products:
A

Fuel: glycogen
Site of reaction: sarcoplasm/ matrix/cristae of mitochondria
Controlling enzyme: GPP/PFK/Coenzyme A/lipase (fats)
Yield: 1:38
By products: H20 and CO2

66
Q

Summarise how fats (triglycerides) are broken down aerobically

A

Triglycerides- (lipase)-> Free Fatty Acids (FFAs) + glycerol-> Acetyl CoA ->enters and is broken down in the Kreb’s cycle and ETC

67
Q

The breakdown of fats is called

A

beta-oxidation

68
Q

Why is glycogen a preferable energy source compared to fats?

A

requires 15% more oxygen= must work at a lower intensity

69
Q

Specific aerobic training will cause a number of adaptations which will help to improve the aerobic system’s efficiency to resynthesise ATP. Give 3.

A

increased storage of muscle and liver glycogen
increased activation of aerobic enzymes
earlier use of FFAs as a fuel source which conserves glycogen stores
Increase the aerobic threshold= increased exercise intensity
Delays muscle fatigue by delaying OBLA= maximises its efficiency in removing lactate during recovery

70
Q

Give 3 advantages of the aerobic system

A

Large glycogen and FFA stores
Efficient resynthesis 1:38
Provides energy for moderate intensity, long duration exercise
No fatiguing by products

71
Q

Give 3 disadvantages of the aerobic system

A

Slower rate of ATP resynthesis

Delay for O2 delivery

72
Q

What is the energy continuum?

A

The relative contribution of all three energy systems to the resynthesis of ATP at the same time

73
Q

In a 400m race, identify the predominant energy system at these points:
2 seconds
20 seconds
45 seconds

A

2 seconds: ATP/PC
20 seconds: Lactic acid
45 seconds: Aerobic

74
Q

Describe when the anaerobic threshold may occur during exercise of:
very high intensity
high intensity
moderate intensity

A

very high intensity: 30 seconds
high intensity: 60 seconds
moderate intensity: 180 seconds (3 mins)

75
Q

Give an example and name the predominant energy system for events of:
very high intensity, very short duration
high intensity, short duration
moderate intensity, long duration

A

very high intensity, very short duration: ATP/PC (javelin)
high intensity, short duration: Lactic acid (400m)
moderate intensity, long duration: Aerobic (triathlon)

A2 Physical Education (9 decks)

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