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My VETS2007 > ESE Study questions - chiara section > Flashcards

ESE Study questions - chiara section Flashcards

1
Q

Which of these is NOT associated with adjuvants?
1. forms an antigen depot
2. provides non-specific T cell stimulation
3. activates antigen-presenting cells
4. activates complement cascade

A
  1. activates the complement cascade
    * adjuvants are in vaccinations, and release the antigen slowly and activating antigen presenting cells/antigen depots and providing T cell stimulation
    * doesn’t have ability to activate any 3 of the complement cascade
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2
Q

which of the following Ig is involved in mediating allergic reactions?
1. IgG
2. IgM
3. IgE
4. IgA

A
  1. IgE
    *IgE is involved in allergic reactions - also type I hypersensitivity
    *IgE will bind to mast cells
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3
Q

which of the following types of hypersensitivity reactions is antibody mediates?
1. type I
2. Type II
3. Type III
4. All of these

A
  1. All of these are antibody mediated
    *Type I = IgE
    *Type II = IgG and IgM
    *Type III is antibody as well
    *Type IV is NOT antibody mediated
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4
Q

antigens normally expressed only on embryonic cells but also sometimes found on tumours are known as:
1. oncofoetal antigens
2. maternal
3. neonatal
4. cryptic

A
  1. oncofoetal antigens
    - present in tumours (onco) and also embryonic cells (foetal)
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5
Q

extracellular bacteria are killed by
1. secreting exotoxins
2. phagocytosis and complement
3. toxin neutralisation
4. C-reactive protein

A
  1. phagocytosis and complement system kills extracellular bacteria
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6
Q

which of the following is NOT considered first line of defence against microbial infections at the mucosal surfaces?
1. Defensins
2. mucociliary action of the respiratory tract
3. T and B lymphocytes
4. Tight junctions between epithelial cells

A
  1. T and B lymphocytes
    - T and B lymphocytes are apart of adaptive immunity, whereas we are talking about mucosal surfaces so what is fighting the infection first
    - tight junctions between epithelial cells try to prevent microbes from getting through the tight junctions
    - defensins: protein
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7
Q

bacteria growing within macrophags are killed by:
1. complement
2. reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates
3. antibody
4. cytotoxic T cells

A
  1. reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates
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8
Q

some viruses escapethe immune system by antigen shift. this involves:
1. structural reorganisation of existing antigens
2. masking of antigen epitopes
3. point mutations in single genes
4. interchange of genetic materal with other viruses

A
  1. point mutations in single genes
    * major changes that cause epidemics
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9
Q

mechanisms controlling autoreactive cells that escape to the periphery do NOT include
1. suppression by regulatory T cells
2. anergy
3. antigen sequestration
4. upregulation of costimulatory molecules on APCs

A
  1. upregulation of costimulatory molecules on APCs
    it is absent not upregulation
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10
Q

anaphylaxis can be triggered by cross-linking of IgE receptors on:
1. monocytes
2. mast cells
3. eosinophils
4. B-cells

A
  1. mast cells
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11
Q

List 4 strategies used by infectious organisms to avoid elimination by the immune system?

A
  1. changing antigen structure
  2. masking antigens on surface of the cell
  3. direct killing of phagocytic cells
    - they cause necrosis of inflammatory cells
  4. resistance to antibacterial proteins
  5. blocking phagocytosis
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11
Q

List 4 strategies used by infectious organisms to avoid elimination by the immune system?

A
  1. changing antigen structure
  2. masking antigens on surface of the cell
  3. direct killing of phagocytic cells
    - they cause necrosis of inflammatory cells
  4. resistance to antibacterial proteins
  5. blocking phagocytosis
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12
Q

Infectious agents may trigger autoimmunity through different mechanisms. List and briefly explain 2 of those mechanisms:

A

anergy
- we do not have the additional co-stimulatory molecules in the peripheral cells, so no activation occurs

suppression of autoreactive lymphocytes by treg cells
- inhibit immune response by keeping lymphocytes quiet

antigen sequenstration
- antigens not expressed in the thymus or cryptic in nautre > cells never exposed to self antigens

activation-induced cell death
- through lymphocytes or T cells recognising self antigens =apoptosis

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13
Q

List and briefly explain 5 mechanisms used by tumour cells to escape to evade the immune system in immunocompetent hosts

A
  1. clonal selection of antigen-negative variants
  2. antigen masking
  3. loss or reduced MHC1 expression - but NKC can still reognise these as they do not need MHC1
  4. production of immunosuppressive molecules
  5. immunoregulation (downregulation of co-stimulatory molecules on APCs)
    - no co-stimulatory molecules = no activation of T cells
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14
Q

Why would an animal be normal at birth, but then at 5 weeks start showing respiratory clinical signs, with no lymphocytes and reduced antibodies?

A
  • Normal at birth but at 5 weeks of age = respiratory clinical signs
    ○ Due to maternal antibodies**
    ○ Exposed to pathogens due to progressive decline in serum Igs
    ○ No issues in transferring maternal antibodies

Absence of lymphocytes and reduced antibodies (IgG and IgM)*
- Why should we be worried about these*
○ No effective adaptive immune response –> no antibodies being produced
○ Deficient in both B and T lymphocytes
§ Need B lymphocytes to produce antibodies
Why has this animal have IgG still? –> from maternal antibodies left, but is unable to produce their own IgG**

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15
Q

What are 4 causes of anaemia /pale mucous membranes in an animal?

A

○ Decreased RBCs production
○ Increased RBCs destruction
○ Loss due to haemorrhage
- Chronic infectious or inflammatory conditions

16
Q

Explain pros between polyclonal and monoclonal antibody production *

A
  • Polyclonal = inexpensive to produce, high affinity, recognise multiple epitopes, higher tolerance for differences in antigen

multiclonal = constant and renewable source
- consistency between lots
- specificity of monoclonal antibodies make them extremely efficient for binding of antigen within mixture of related molecules

17
Q

Difference between direct and indirect ELISA

A
  • direct = indicator enzyme is on primary AB
  • indirect = indicator enzyme is on secondary AB
18
Q

Neonatal immunity: 4 reasons why we would get failure of passive transfer (immunity) to the young from the mother (colostrum)?

A
  • mother might not be producing antibodies/low
  • premature birth
  • premature lactation
  • low quality colostrum
  • ingestion failure (multiple births = competition for colostrum, newborn weakness, poor suckling ability)
  • failure of young to absorb the colostrum
19
Q

There are 5 different mechanisms that infectious agents my trigger an autoimmune response: list 3

A

1) Up-regulation of costimulatory molecules on APCs -> Antigen presenting cells

2) Modification of the cell antigenic pattern 
	a. Expression of microbial antigen on cell surface or modification of antigenic structure 
	
3) Formation of antigen-antibody complexes (type 3 hypersensitivity reaction > tissue damage) 

4) Inflammation > damage to self tissue > structural modification of self-antigens, release of hidden antigens

5) Molecular mimicry: microbial antigens and self antigens sharing the same epitopes

20
Q

Summary of the adaptive immunity: what are the 2 types of cells in adaptive immunity, and the actions/components of antibodies (list)

A

1) Antibodies
1. Classical pathway
2. Neutralisation of toxins
3. Opsonisation
4. Inhibition of absorption of viruses
5. ADCC (antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity)

T lymphocytes

21
Q

Compare/contrast live and killed vaccinations (3 points on each)

A

Live:
- Harder to store
- Risk of reversion
- Longer-lasting protection
- Fewer doses of the vaccination needed
- Stimulate humoral and cell mediated response in system
- Greater safety
Adjuvants unnecessary

Killed:
- Easier to store
- Unlikely to cause disease through residual virulence
- Do not replicate in recipient (dead)
- Stable on storage
- Will not spread to animals
- Unlikely to contain live contaminating organisms
Adjuvants required –> adjuvants help body produce immune response strong enough to protect person from disease

My VETS2007 (8 decks)

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