ESAME ERASMUS Flashcards
The incidence of head and neck cancers in recent years:
a) It increased
b) It decreased
c) It did not change significantly
c) It did not change significantly
The five year survival of patients with papillary thyroid cancer is:
a) comparable to the survival of patients with cutaneous melanoma
b) significantly better than the survival of patients with cutaneous melanoma
c) significantly worse than the survival of patients with cutaneous melanoma
d) due to the small number of patients, it cannot be assessed
a) comparable to the survival of patients with cutaneous melanoma
Standard treatment for patients with glioblastoma is:
a) surgery, radiochemotherapy with temozolomide and adjuvant therapy with temozolomide
b) surgery with radiotherapy and adjuvant POV therapy
c) radiochemotherapy with temozolomide and bevacizumab and adjuvant therapy with temozolomide
d) radiochemotherapy with temozolomide and adiuvant therapy with temozolomide
a) surgery, radiochemotherapy with temozolomide and adjuvant therapy with temozolomide
In modern times extensive local resection or excision means:
a) Remove the tumour according to the principle of “no touch” technique
b) Remove only the tumour, with healthy tissue sparing
c) Remove part of the tumour, with a strip of healthy tissue
d) Remove the tumour with as much healthy tissue as possible
a) Remove the tumour according to the principle of “no touch” technique
Which of the following statements is false?
a) In case of severe adverse event the anti-cancer drug has to be discontinued and supportive therapy initiated
b) Severe adverse events to anti-cancer drugs are observed frequently
c) In case of severe adverse event the dosage of anti-cancer drug has to be modified if the treatment continues after resolution of adverse event
d) In case of severe adverse event the treatment with anti-cancer drugs has to be permanently discontinued
d) In case of severe adverse event the treatment with anti-cancer drugs has to be permanently discontinued
The characteristics of initial (T1N0M0) vocal cord cancer are:
a) Systemic drugs are an important component of treatment
b) High probability of micro metastases in regional lymph nodes
c) Shortness of breath
d) Hoarseness
e) Early lung metastases
d) Hoarseness
What does not apply to ionizing radiation:
a) Fractionation increases the therapeutic index between effects on tumor and normal tissue.
b) Hypoxia reduces the possibility of cell damage by ionizing radiation.
c) In X-ray irradiation the predominant DNA damage is indirect.
d) Rapidly dividing nerve cells are highly sensitive to ionizing radiation
d) Rapidly dividing nerve cells are highly sensitive to ionizing radiation
Risk of developing secondary malignant neoplasm 20 years after the diagnosis of primary cancer:
a) is less than twice the risk of cancer in human in the general population
b) is at least 20 higher than the risk of cancer in humans in the general population
c) is approximately equal to the risk of developing cancer in humans in the general population
d) is about 3 to 10 times higher compared to the risk of cancer in humans in the general population
d) is about 3 to 10 times higher compared to the risk of cancer in humans in the general population
For systemic treatment for GIST we use:
a) inhibitors of angiogenesis
b) monoclonal antibodies
c) tyrozin kynase inhibitors
d) chemotherapy
c) tyrozin kynase inhibitors
The most common histological subtype of lymphoma is:
a) Burkitt lymphoma
b) peripheral T cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified
c) fungoid mycosis
d) diffuse large cell B lymphoma, not otherwise specified
d) diffuse large cell B lymphoma, not otherwise specified
A cytopathological examination can identify:
a) the relationship between the neoplasm and surrounding healthy tissue
b) biological potential of the neoplasm (benign, malignant)
c) lymph node capsule overgrowth
d) whether resection of the neoplasm was margin-negative
b) biological potential of the neoplasm (benign, malignant)
In childhood (choose the correct answer):
a) Approximately 30% of cancer cases are carcinomas.
b) Carcinomas are the most common type of cancer.
c) Leukaemia is the most common type of cancer.
c) Leukaemia is the most common type of cancer.
Stage IV or metastatic cancer is rarely curable, except in patients who have:
a) If patients are treated aggressively
b) Malignant melanoma, kidney cancer
c) Lymphoma; testicular cancer; oligometastatic form of the disease
d) Breast cancer, colorectal cancer
c) Lymphoma; testicular cancer; oligometastatic form of the disease
Most thyroid cancers are detected:
a) at random ultrasound examination of the neck
b) because of dysphonia
c) with palpable metastases in the cervical lymph nodes
d) because of dysphagia
a) at random ultrasound examination of the neck
Basic work up in patients with cancer of unknown primary includes:
a) Comprehensive history, detailed clinical examination, basic laboratory tests including tumor markers, urinary analyses, thoracic and abdominal CT scan, mammogram in women
b) Basic laboratory tests, chest X-ray and abdominal US, mammogram in women
c) CT scan of chest and abdomen, bone scan, basic laboratory tests including tumor markers
d) Comprehensive history, detailed clinical examination, basic laboratory tests, urinary analyses, chest X-ray and abdominal US
a) Comprehensive history, detailed clinical examination, basic laboratory tests including tumor markers, urinary analyses, thoracic and abdominal CT scan, mammogram in women
Before surgery of soft tissue sarcomas we must perform:
a) CT
b) MRI
c) X-ray
d) Ultrasound
b) MRI
What Is not an early or late side effect of treatment with adjuvant chemotherapy in women with breast cancer?
a) febrile neutropenia
b) infertility
c) alopecia
d) hypothyrodism
e) myelodysplastic syndrome
d o b
“Gli effetti collaterali acuti più comuni durante il trattamento chemioterapico sono perdita di capelli (alopecia), nausea e vomito, affaticamento, infiammazione della mucosa orale e intestinale (mucosite), comparsa di febbre con diminuzione dei granulociti neutrofili (neutropenia febbrile), pelle e alterazioni delle unghie e neuropatia sensoriale. Gravi complicanze tardive associate ai citostatici delle antracicline sono il danno miocardico, la sindrome mielodisplastica o la leucemia leucoblastica acuta e si verificano molto raramente. La complicanza tardiva più comune del trattamento con questi xan citostatici è la neuropatia sensoriale.”
In phase III clinical trial:
a) We only evaluate the side effects of the treatment.
b) We evaluate the effectiveness of the new treatment and at the same time carefully monitor its side effects.
c) We compare effectiveness and toxicity of the standard treatment and the experimental treatment with random selection of patients.
d) We determine the maximum tolerated dose of drugs or radiation or combination therapy
c) We compare effectiveness and toxicity of the standard treatment and the experimental treatment with random selection of patients.
Which statement about mammography is incorrect?
a) The images are taken in two projections
b) It is the only method to show microcalcifications
c) The radiation dose is comparable to 2 weeks of natural background radiation
d) It distinguishes well between solid and cystic changes
d) It distinguishes well between solid and cystic changes
The signs of hypercalcaemia are:
a) thirst, diarrhoea, shortness of breath, abdominal pain
b) thirst, increased urination, vomiting, constipation, disturbances of consciousness
c) diarrhoea, vomiting, headache, increased urine output
d) thirst, hunger, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, disturbances of consciousness
b) thirst, increased urination, vomiting, constipation, disturbances of consciousness
Indicate the incorrect statement:
a) Palliative medicine is only part of palliative care and is provided by a physician
b) Palliative care includes palliative medicine, palliative treatment as well as other parts of the entire treatment of terminally ill patients
c) Palliative care is a form of euthanasia, which is also allowed in some EU countries
d) Palliative care is a part of care provided by nursing staff
c) Palliative care is a form of euthanasia, which is also allowed in some EU countries
Which cell is the cell of origin of GIST?
a) Schwann cell
b) Merckel cell
c) Cajal cell
c) Cajal cell
What does not apply to HPV-induced squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx:
a) The probability of its occurrence depends on the number of sexual partners.
b) It occurs in younger patients.
c) Most patients are treated with primary (chemo) radiotherapy.
d) The prognosis in these patients is worse than in patients with smoking/alcohol-induced cancers of the same area
e) It is a disease of non-smokers.
d) The prognosis in these patients is worse than in patients with smoking/alcohol-induced cancers of the same area
Choose the correct answer that applies to stochastic effects of radiation.
a) Stochastic effects are never passed on to offspring.
b) Stochastic effects occur with a shorter latent period than deterministic radiation effects.
c) Stochastic effects of whole-body irradiation are manifested by the development of cerebrovascular syndrome.
d) The relationship between the probability of mutation and radiation dose can be described by the sigmoid curve.
e) Stochastic effects of radiation are due to mutations in the DNA molecule that lead to malignant transformation of damaged cells.
e) Stochastic effects of radiation are due to mutations in the DNA molecule that lead to malignant transformation of damaged cells.
Mortality of lung cancer worldwide is ranked:
a) Second
b) Third
c) First
d) Fifth
c) First
To classify lymphoma according to the WHO classification:
a) Core needle biopsy of a node is sufficient.
b) An excision biopsy of a lymph node, which is examined by an experienced pathologist is mandatory
c) Fine needle aspiration biopsy of a node is sufficient.
d) Clinical diagnosis is sufficient.
b) An excision biopsy of a lymph node, which is examined by an experienced pathologist is mandatory
Tumour marker in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is:
a) Ca 15-3
b) Ca 125
c) beta HCG
d) alpha fetoprotein
d) alpha fetoprotein
With oncological treatment we can achieve:
a) Cure
b) Cure; prolonging survival until disease recurrence or progression; reduction of the symptoms of disease; we can improve the quality of life
c) Cure; prolonging survival until disease recurrence or progression
d) Cure; prolonging survival until disease recurrence or progression; we can reduction of the symptoms of disease
b) Cure; prolonging survival until disease recurrence or progression; reduction of the symptoms of disease; we can improve the quality of life
Which of the following statement is incorrect about breast ultrasound?
a) Ultrasound is suitable for examination of dense areas of the breast
b) Ultrasound is not the best method to show microcalcifications
c) Ultrasound distinguishes between solid and cystic changes
d) Ultrasound is suitable for examining fatty tissue of the breast
d) Ultrasound is suitable for examining fatty tissue of the breast
What is the most common histologic subtype of bladder cancer?
a) Small cell carcinoma
b) Sarcoma
c) Squamous cell carcinoma
d) Urothelial carcinoma
c) Adenocarcinoma
d) Urothelial carcinoma
People whose relatives have been diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC) have:
a) 2x higher risk of CRC
b) the same risk for CRC
c) 10x higher risk of CRC
d) 100x higher risk of CRC
a) 2x higher risk of CRC
A small proportion of patients with cancer of unknown primary have favorable prognosis. Which of the following is not included in the favorable prognostic group?
a) Patients with lymphomas and germ cell tumors
b) Men with lung and supraclavicular metastases
c) Women with axillary lymphadenopathy
d) Patients with actionable mutation identified in tumor cells
b) Men with lung and supraclavicular metastases
Find the correct statement about dyspnoea in cancer patients:
a) Dyspnoea is an objective feeling of shortness of breath.
b) Non-pharmacological approaches in the treatment of dyspnoea have no effect in relieving the feeling of shortness of breath.
c) When identifying an irreversible cause of dyspnoea in a cancer patient, morphine is an effective drug to reduce the sensation of respiratory difficulty.
d) The causes of dyspnoea in cancer patients are always irreversible.
c) When identifying an irreversible cause of dyspnoea in a cancer patient, morphine is an effective drug to reduce the sensation of respiratory difficulty.
Preoperative radiochemotherapy for rectal cancer can achieve: 1) reduction of the tumor stage; 2) higher rate of RO resections; 3) better local control; 4) more sphincter preservation; 5) less sexual dysfunction.
a) 1,2,3
b) 1,2,3,4,5
c) 1,2,3,4
d) 2,3,4,5
c) 1,2,3,4
(non sicura)
“Chemotherapy advantages: tumor gets smaller, sparing of the sphincter, WORSE sexual function because of fibrosis. Nella domanda fatta in classe c’erano solo due risposte giuste ma direi che a seconda delle opzioni che ci sono si dovrebbe capire.”
How does the burden of cancer change over time and why?
a) The burden of cancer is increasing all the time, as more and more cases are discovered.
b) The burden of cancer is increasing, mainly due to the aging population.
c) The burden of cancer is decreasing, mainly due to the reduction of risk factors, that most influence the development of cancer.
d) The burden of cancer is stable, due to technological and medical advances.
b) The burden of cancer is increasing, mainly due to the aging population.
Diagnostic category of atypia means:
a) most likely non-neoplastic changes or benign neoplasms with mild cellular and nuclear atypia
b) specific oncological treatment is required
c) the pathological process cannot be identified because there are no cells in the sample or there are too few to make a diagnosis.
d) most likely a malignant neoplasm
a) most likely non-neoplastic changes or benign neoplasms with mild cellular and nuclear atypia
Decreased growth of the child after cancer treatment:
a) is only due to reduced secretion of growth hormone
b) is not the result of radiation therapy
c) is only due to chemotherapy
d) It can be caused by several causes - reduced secretion of growth hormone, radiation of the spine during growth, premature puberty and / or intensive systemic treatment
d) It can be caused by several causes - reduced secretion of growth hormone, radiation of the spine during growth, premature puberty and / or intensive systemic treatment
The purpose of surgical treatment of primary brain tumors is:
a) only obtaining a biopsy sample
b) obtaining a biopsy sample, alleviating symptoms, and in some cases cure
c) only alleviation of symptoms caused by tumor mass
d) always the cure
b) obtaining a biopsy sample, alleviating symptoms, and in some cases cure
Indicate the incorrect statement about pain in cancer patients:
a) Pain in cancer patients is usually combined - chronic with occasional breakthrough peak episodes.
b) Normal pain is assessed with a visual analog scale of 0-7.
c) In the treatment of pain, we follow the three-step WHO scale.
d) The most common causes of pain in cancer patients are tumour growth in bones, hollow organs, nerves and nerve roots, the pressure of the cancer on surrounding tissue, pathological fractures, inflammation, or a combination of several causes.
b) Normal pain is assessed with a visual analog scale of 0-7.
(0-10)
Which cancers are among those with prognostically poor survival?
a) Skin melanoma, lung cancer, colon and rectal cancer, prostate cancer.
b) Testicular cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer.
c) Breast cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer.
d) Cancers of the esophagus, pancreas, liver, lungs, stomach.
d) Cancers of the esophagus, pancreas, liver, lungs, stomach.
The purpose of genetic counselling in oncologic patients is:
a) all the answers are correct
b) to estimate the likelihood of a hereditary cancer syndrome in the family
c) to estimate cancer risks based on the results of genetic testing
d) to inform the patients of the benefits and limitations of genetic testing
a) all the answers are correct
Acute side effects of radiotherapy:
a) They appear immediately after the completion of radiotherapy and last from 6 to 12 months
b) They develop immediately after receiving the first fraction of radiation, especially in tissues with slow regeneration
c) They develop soon after the start of radiotherapy and usually resolve after the end of treatment
d) They develop in rapidly regenerating tissues and resolve immediately after cessation of radiotherapy
e) They appear immediately after the completion of radiotherapy in rapidly regenerating tissues
c) They develop soon after the start of radiotherapy and usually resolve after the end of treatment
Adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus usually occurs
a) In the middle third of the oosophagun
b) Anywhere in the esophagus
c) In the upper third of the oesophagus
d) In the lower third of the esophagus
d) In the lower third of the esophagus
Klatskin’s tumor is
a) none of the above
b) extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
c) intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
d) intra- and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
b) extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
Which statement related to metastatic breast cancer is correct?
a) Metastatic breast cancer can be cured with chemotherapy.
b) Systemic treatment is a cornerstone of treatment of metastatic breast cancer.
c) Radiation therapy should never be used in metastatic breast cancer.
d) Metastases in visceral organs should be treated with surgery.
e) Median survival of women with metastatic breast cancer is approximately 2 years.
b) Systemic treatment is a cornerstone of treatment of metastatic breast cancer.
In squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus, paraneoplastic syndrome may occur and is manifested as:
a) thrombocytopenia
b) syndrome of inadequate ADH secretion
c) B-symptoms
d) hypercalcaemia
d) hypercalcaemia
Which are the most frequently observed adverse events of targeted anti-cancer drugs?
a) Allergic reactions and skin toxicity
b) Skin toxicity and diarrhoea
c) Febrile neutropenia and diarrhoea
d) Nausea/emesis and diarrhoea
b) Skin toxicity and diarrhoea
Tumors of the vagina:
a) Are usually benign
b) Are most commonly metastases of ovarian cancer
c) Are most commonly the result of direct spread of rectal and/or anal cancer
d) Are most commonly metastases of uterine carcinoma
e) Are most commonly primary tumors
d) Are most commonly metastases of uterine carcinoma
What is prevalence?
a) The number of all living cancer patients, who became ill in one year.
b) The number of all residents who have ever been diagnosed with cancer.
c) The number of sick people in the observed year, taking into account the age structure of the population.
d) The number of all living cancer patients on a given date, regardless of when cancer was diagnosed.
d) The number of all living cancer patients on a given date, regardless of when cancer was diagnosed.
What is not true when we consider Li-Fraumeni syndrome?
a) it is associated with high risk of both breast and ovarian cancer
b) it was first described by Frederick Li and Joseph Fraument
c) due to a pathogenic variant in a tumour suppressor gene
d) autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance
a) it is associated with high risk of both breast and ovarian cancer
(l’alto rischio è solo per il breast, non per l’ovarian)
Which definition applies to cancer of unknown primary?
a) It is a malignant disease that progresses rapidly. At presentation metastases are usually found in more than one organ.
b) It is a malignant disease in which based on the characteristics of tumor specimen or core needle biopsy the origin of the disease cannot be identified.
c) It is a malignant disease in which based on the characteristics of tumor cells obtained by FNA biopsy the origin of the disease cannot be identified.
d) It is a disease in which the pathological examination of the tumor or tumor specimen cannot define whether it is a metastasis or the primary tumor.
b) It is a malignant disease in which based on the characteristics of tumor specimen or core needle biopsy the origin of the disease cannot be identified.
