Esa1 Flashcards
What is the difference between a meta analysis and a systematic review?
Systematic review: an overview of primary studies that are explicit and reproducible
Meta analysis: a quantity synthesis of two or more studies that address the same hypothesis in the same way.
What is the difference between bias and confounding?
Bias is unrepresentative sample or systematic mistake - a flawed study.
Confounding is a characteristic of the population.
Random effects modelling can account for heterogeneity but how can we explain it?
Sub group analysis
Grouped by Study characteristics or participant profile (which is better but harder to get data)
How is variable quality assessed and accounted for?
Define criteria the study must meet.
Give each study a score and encorporate it into weighting, do sub group analysis of high quality vs low quality, use meta-regression analysis.
Secondary structure
Local spartial arrangement of polypeptide backbone
Nucleoside?
Base and sugar
MRNA modifications to stabilise it
5’ 5’ capping
Polyadenylation- endonucleases cleaves and polyA polymerase extends 200
Splicing - exo and endo nucleases.
Peptide bond formation enzyme in translation?
Peptidyl transferase
Non stop secretion?
Constitutive vs regulated.
Function of diolichol?
N linked glycosylation
O linked glycosylation?
Glycosyltransferase.
Roles of propyl and lysyl oxidises?
P for h bonds
L for cross links
Types of base repair
Base excision - 1-5 oxidative
Nucleotide- 30 uV and carcinogens
Mismatch- 1, DNA synthesis.
How are slides prepared histiologically?
Fixed using glutaldehyde or formaldehyde Dehydrated alcohol Cleared xylene or toluene Embedded in paraffin Rehydrated Stained Dehydrated
Types of microscopy
Confocal - focus to remove glare 3D
Phase contract- live cells and refeaction
Dark field - shadows?
Fluerescent
Describe endochondral ossification
Perineal bone appears
Primary ossification centre the central cartilage appears supplied by the nutrient artery.
Medulla becomes cancellous bone and secondary ossification sites appear.
Ossification in epi thesis.
Plates continue to grow, cartilage grows and ossifies.
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Type I collagen deficient. Autosomal dominant.
Effects of botulism toxins
Inhibits ACH release
What inhibits acetylcholine?
Organophosphates
Describe duchenne muscular dystrophy
Recessive x-linked condition
Lack of dystrophin so muscles rip apart
Calcium causes necrosis
Erythrocyte production?
Erythropoietin production at the kidneys in response to hypoxia. Reticulocyte is precursor, organelles extracted
Astrocytes and micro glial cells
Astrocytes - mediate metabolic exchange at neurone
Micro glial cells- form blood brain barrier.
Types of mesoderm and what they become
Paraxial- repeating structures of muscles, bones and dermis.
Somatic- connective tissues of limb
Splanchnic- smooth muscle, gut wall connective tissue and vasculature.
Intermediate-kidneys, ureter, gonads
Describe galactose metabolism
To galactose 1 P via galactokinase.
To glucose 1 P via epimerase (UDP) and galactose 1 P ur idyl transferase.
To 6 P
