ES - VALUING NATURE

Question 1

What are the indicators for the state of biodiversity (A) by Butchart et al 2010?

Answer 1

1. species population trends
2. extinction risk
3. habitat extent & condition
4. community composition

Question 2

What are the indicators for pressures (B) by Butchart et al 2010?

Answer 2

1. resource consumption
2. invasive alien species
3. nitrogen pollution
4. overexploitation
5. climate change impacts

Question 3

What are the indicators for responses (C) by Butchart et al 2010?

Answer 3

1. extent & biodiversity coverage of protected areas
2. sustainable forest management
3. policy responses to invasive alien species
4. biodiversity-related aid

Question 4

what are the results of the indicators for the state of biodiversity, pressures & responses by Butchart et al 2010?

Answer 4

• biodiversity has been declining with no significant recent reductions in rate
• the pressure has been increasing
• an increase in responses but the rate of biodiversity loss did not slow down
• negative impact on human livelihoods

Question 5

what are the 4 methods to help change by the intergovernmental science-policy platform on biodiversity & ecosystem services?

Answer 5

1. assessments
2. policy support
3. building capacity & knowledge
4. communications & outreach

Question 6

what 4 beneficial things can valuing ecosystems do?

Answer 6

1. raise awareness & build public and government support for better decisions
2. demonstrate additional benefits from conservation of species/sites/habitats
3. identify the costs & benefits of conservation and spread them more fairly among stakeholders
4. enhance economic sustainability and human well-being

Question 7

what are the 3 interlinked components of ecosystem services?

Answer 7

1. core processes (e.g. photosynthesis, water cycling, ecological interactions)
2. beneficial processes (primary production, water purification, pollination)
3. benefits (timber, drinking water, food)

Question 8

essential fundamentals of economics:
social cost = … cost + … cost
social benefit = … benefit + … benefit
net social benefit = positive difference between … benefit and … cost

Answer 8

private; external
private; external
social; social

Question 9

ecosystem service benefits represent … externalities
ecosystem services as well as m… deposits, … nutrients, … fuels are all … assets
loss of wealth due to ec… degradation is not reflected in current e… accounts
so con… occurs because private benefits are often greater than pr… c…, and externalities are not accounted for
hence n… social benefit is not maximised

Answer 9

positive
mineral, soil, fossil, capital
ecosystem, economic
conversion, private cost
net