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ES 1 > ES 60 > Flashcards

ES 60 Flashcards

1
Q

ecosystem

A

Biological communities of interacting organisms and their physical (abiotic) environment
* Biotic and abiotic pieces linked through nutrient cycles and energy flows

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2
Q

Ways we test hypotheses

A
  • Observations
  • Experiments (lab or field)
  • Models
  • All must be repeated with replication
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3
Q

Rigor

A
  • Replication within the study
  • Random assignment of samples
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4
Q

Evolution by natural selection

A
  1. variation in traits
  2. differential reproduction
  3. heredity
    More advantageous trait (-> more offspring) will become more common in pop. Eventually everyone will have it
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5
Q

variation in traits

A

Individuals within populations are not identical (Ex: black and tan mice on dark rock -> black mice live)

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6
Q

differential reproduction

A

Not all individuals reproduce - do not contribute equally to the next generation. Some have more offspring than others aka great fitness (Ex: tan mice eaten, black mice reproduce next gen)

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7
Q

heredity

A

Some variation between individuals in a species is genetic , meaning it is heritable (Ex: black mice gave next gen the trait of having black fur)

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8
Q

adaptions

A
  • Trait that increases fitness in a given environment
  • (evolution) Change in a species over time from one generation to the next
  • One individual does not evolve (e.g. “adapting” to climate change…)
  • Note: natural selection can select for or against
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9
Q

Why is evolution an important
backdrop for Applied Ecology?

A
  • Evolution of pesticide & disease resistance
  • Understanding local impacts of “selective
    pressures”
  • Climate change, air pollution, harvesting
  • Conservation genetics
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10
Q

scale dependent relationships

A
  • Spatial dimensions
  • Temporal dimensions
  • Diurnal vs nocturnal
  • Seasonal
  • Annual vs perennial
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11
Q

density independent pop growth

A

Not linked to pop density and can result in pop crashes- Seasonal weather changes, Temp, Drought, Large disturbancesEx: exxonmobil oil spill effect on killer whales

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12
Q

density dependent pop growth

A

Intraspecific competition,
- Between same species for limited resources, Decreased reproduction rates, Increased death rates, Lower birth rates, More emigration
ex: lynx and hares

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13
Q

Keystone species

A
  • Some species have disproportionate effects
    on biodiversity
  • Impact greater than predicted by mass or
    abundance
  • If keystone species removed community
    collapses – often due to indirect effects
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14
Q

Cultural keystone indicator
species

A
  • Both ecological keystone & cultural keystone
  • Changes in pops indicates environmental
    change
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15
Q

Ecological succession

A

continual, non-seasonal process where mix of species in an area changes over time following disturbance*

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16
Q

primary succession

A

Disturbance removes all organisms & exposes baresediment/rock
Ex: lava flows. Glacier forelands (edge of a glacier)

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17
Q

secondary succession

A

Follows disturbances when some organisms survive
Ex: wildfire (often still things that live, seeds germinate by fire), occasionally floods (not severe), refuge of beavers

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18
Q

Succession causes

A

1) Facilitation
2) Inhibition
3) Tolerance
(ex: right after fire need resources but later species can tolerate fewer secondary)

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19
Q

facilitation

A
  • Early spp improve (or facilitate, improve the soil) for later spp
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20
Q

inhibition

A
  • First spp prevent others, once first spp die then other come
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21
Q

tolerance

A
  • Later spp tolerate low resources better than first spp
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22
Q

Why does primary succession
matter for env management?

A
  • Important to know timelines so you know what you’re doing
  • Knowing factors -> increase recovery
  • Acknowledge stage for restoration
  • More glacial forelands being exposed
    See what is to come
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23
Q

Why does secondary succession
matter for env management?

A
  • Used for management! What will actually happen?
  • Human activity can cause - how can communities bounce back
  • Increased frequency of disturbance events - fires & floods
  • Weeds coming in to areas more disturbed than ever
  • Should we intervene?
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24
Q

causes of biodiversity loss

A

H:habitat destruction, loss, fragmentation, disturbance
I: invasive species (widely spreading and sharing native ecosystems/humans)
P: pollution (air, water, etc)
P: population (human population growth- exponential)
O: overexploitation (harvest or use > productive capacity of a species)

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25
Q

why does urban ecology matter?

A
  • 83% pop lives in urban areas
  • Hotspots of HIPPO
  • Ecological footprint (Not only the space it takes up but also the use of resources of other parts of the world)
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26
Q

biogeography

A

geographical distribution of organisms

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27
Q

island biogeography

A
  • Islands isolated from
    mainland
  • Diversity ↑ by
    immigrations
  • ↓ by extinctions
  • Limited # of niches
28
Q

island diversity (high vs low)

A

island diversity (high vs low)

29
Q

Island Size & distance

A
  • Distance from mainland
  • Fewer immigrants
  • Lower diversity
  • Size of island
  • More niches in large
  • Higher diversity
30
Q

When is island diversity
highest?

A

Near mainland AND large island size

31
Q

Ecosystem ecology

A

All spp in the community + abiotic factors (energy, Temperature, Water, Soil)

32
Q

biosphere

A

the big ecosystem
inputs- solar radiation
outputs- heat, space junk 🙁

33
Q

energy flow

A

Movement of energy through systems, Food chain/food webs

34
Q

Chemical cycling

A

Use and reuse of elements in system (Carbon (C), Phosphorus (P), Nitrogen (N))
- Life depends on
recycling of
chemicals—
abiotic & biotic
processes

35
Q

gross primary productivity VS net primary productiviety

A

GPP- how much an organism photosynthesizes, total amount of pp (before cell respiration)
NPP- What is remaining in plant tissue (bc some lost as heat in cell respiration)

36
Q

GPP variation

A

Abundant water, moderate temperatures, aseasonal climate, high solar input

37
Q

Ecosystem Resistance vs. Resilience

A

● Resistance: When an ecosystem can maintain its normal functioning after or during a disturbance
● Resilience: When an ecosystem can return to its normal functioning after or during a disturbance

38
Q

groundwater recharge

A

● Groundwater can recharge from precipitation infiltrating soil
● Not all rain recharges groundwater:
○ Runoff, Plant uptake + release (transpiration), Evaporation
● The recharge ratio is the % of precipitation that becomes groundwater.

39
Q

Why do we care for
endemics?

A

● Biodiversity
● Genetic diversity
● Ecosystem balance
○ Niche, keystone species
● Cultural value
○ Chumash
● Economic benefit
○ Tourism

40
Q

Energy flow: primary

A

Conversion of energy (solar) to organic compounds (also using CO2), Plants create sugars via photosynthesis
- sugars -> biomass
- Some energy loss via
respiration (Net Primary
Production (NPP))
- Primary production
varies widely by biome

41
Q

Energy flow: secondary

A

Herbivores only consume a fraction of primary
~50% as waste (Indigestible, Toxins)
~35% of energy lost in respiration
~15% becomes biomass (Secondary (2°) production)

42
Q

Pyramid of production

A

Energy that passes through trophic levels ranges from 5-20% and averages at 10% (rule of tens)

43
Q

Biogeochemical cycle

A
  1. Weathering of rocks & erosion contribute chems
  2. Detritivores break down complex chem compounds
  3. Abiotic chems -> producers
  4. Producers -> consumers
  5. Producers & consumers release chemical waste
44
Q

C cycle

A
  1. C sequestered by photosynthesis
  2. Passed along food chain
  3. Respiration returns C to atmosphere
  4. Return of C was similar to C sequestration in past
45
Q

Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK)

A

the collective and cumulative knowledge that a group of people has gained over many generations living in their particular ecosystem

46
Q

Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK)

A

Knowledge about nature, organisms , ecosystems and ecological interactions, held by local people who interact with and use natural resources.

47
Q

Western Science

A

Science that is based on the physical realm of the world. Facts and theories. When things can be physically measured, observed, documented and tested.

48
Q

Wildfire effects depend on

A

Seasonality
Intensity
Return interval
Size
Historic fire regime
Fuel continuity

49
Q

Culture and fire

A

Culture -> perceptions -> actions
- Pyrophobia: Fire is a threat to infrastructure, revenues (logging), control
- fire suppression era: Resource-based capitalism in the west “unauthorized disturbances” seen has threats to revenues

50
Q

Indigenous burning

A

Prescribed and cultural burns
Challenges
- Indigenous sovereignty and autonomy
- Degraded novel landscapes
- Flammable, invasive plants
- Development

51
Q

How does fire suppression affect forests? How can cultural burning change this?

A

With suppression vegetation accumulates in a forest, which serves as fuel — when a fire comes through.

Cultural burning burns the understory and prevents it from getting overgrown & reduces fuel, as well as forefronting human connections to fire as a powerful & ceremonial tool

52
Q

Flammability

A
  1. live fuel moisture
  2. flammable compounds
  3. Structure (of plant & plant community)
    -> Ladder fuels (low to high tree heights) and continuity (high continuity = more flammable)
53
Q

Serotiny

A

needs fire to germinate (ex: kills old pine cones allows new ones to germinate)

54
Q

Fire & N cycle

A

N Cycle
During fire, organic nitrogen (C-N and other elements) in plants turns into NH4 (ammonium)
Microorganisms convert NH4 to NO3 (nitrate)

55
Q

How much NO3 runs off?

A
  • Seasonality (when fire vs when rain)
  • How much rainfall
  • Soil type
  • Plants/plant growth (take up N)
  • How patchy plants post-fire
56
Q

Fire retardant effect on ecosystems

A

85% water, 10% nitrogen & phosphorous, thickeners, coloring
If it lands in waterways, kills fish
High nutrients promote weedy grasses
Reduces mycorrhizal fungi

57
Q

wildfire effect on weeds

A

Weeds often increase wildfire risk
Fire can remove weedy grasses… but can also quickly come into burned areas
High resource availability (N- weeds tend to love)

58
Q

Permafrost & grazing animals

A
  • Snow insulates frozen soil like a blanket, keeping warmth in
  • Animals move snow & expose soil to frigid temps, further freezing soil. More frozen soil in winter means more stays permanently frozen (during warm
    months)
59
Q

Range & restoration

A
  1. assisted population migration-new locations in historic range
    2.Assisted range expansion- facilitating/mimicking natural dispersal to new areas
  2. Assisted species migration- far outside historic range; impossible to happen naturally (on short time scale)
60
Q

population

A

interacting individuals of same species living in the same place at the same time
- size, structure, growth rate, dispersion patterns

61
Q

annual VS perennial

A
  1. annual: One generation (whole life cycle) in one year
  2. perennial: lives more than one year (biennial = lives 2 years)
62
Q

edge effects

A

Changes in population/community structures that occur at the boundary of 2+ habitats

63
Q

life history traits

A

Traits that affect schedule of reproduction & survival
* First reproduction
* Frequency of reproduction
* Number of offspring
* Amount of parental care

64
Q

opportunistic VS equiibrial populations

A
  1. opportunistic: Take advantage of favorable conditions
    - Type III (live fast die young) survivorship curve .EX: Wildflowers
  2. equilibrial: Type I curve. EX: Elephants, Coconut trees
65
Q

biocontrol

A

The use of a species to control the population growth or spread of an undesirable species
ex: mongoose mistake

66
Q

Generalist vs specialist

A

A generalist species is able to thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources (for example, a heterotroph with a varied diet).
A specialist species can thrive only in a narrow range of environmental conditions or has a limited diet. (better for biocontrol bc less risk of becomign invasive)

67
Q

soil carbon arctic vs tropics

A

arctic: soil carbon is high
tropics: soil carbon is low bc the plants are carbon sinks

ES 1 (2 decks)

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