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ES 1 Flashcards

1
Q

fermi paradox

A

should be lots of life even if there’s no clear evidence

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2
Q

drake equation

A

attempts to calculate other life in the cosmos

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3
Q

what are the 3 top responses to the fermi paradox?

A

1) rare earth hypothesis
2) common earth hypothesis
3) the great filter
*all lead to the same conclusion

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4
Q

rare earth hypothesis

A

Earth is either unique or too unusual for complex life elsewhere

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5
Q

common earth hypothesis

A

life in the universe is common we just haven’t found it yet
-uses Drake equation

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6
Q

the great filter

A

-must be a set of obstacles that stop evolution
-filters ex: space too big, simple life common, intelligent species don’t last long

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7
Q

pluralism

A

valuing different approaches

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8
Q

logical fallacies

A

mistakes in critical thinking

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9
Q

type 1 error

A

false positive (dangerous)

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10
Q

type 2 error

A

false negative (dangerous)

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11
Q

indirect sources/proxy sources

A

studying one thing to understand something else

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12
Q

indicator species

A

pop size tells us something about ecosystem conditions

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13
Q

qualitative methods

A

non-numeric method for understanding what people believe and do

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14
Q

quantitive methods

A

numeric, can count

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15
Q

directional change

A

species extinctions can only happen once

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16
Q

correlation vs. causation

A

correlation = apparent relationship bw 2 variables
causation = actual relationship bw 2 variables

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17
Q

emergent properties

A

env system properties that only become known at larger scales
-scale of a mile

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18
Q

merchants of doubt

A

people paid to sow doubt in a community

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19
Q

triangulation

A

-using 2+ methods to address the same question
-more reliable than just 1
-also called mixed methods research

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20
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

total entropy or disorder will always increase in a closed system

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21
Q

earth’s mass extinctions (5 but now 6)

A

-dnd-ordovican
-late devonian
-end glualalupian/permian
-end triassic
-end cretaceous

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22
Q

pleistocene epoch

A

age of mammals, 11 major ice ages and interglacial periods

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23
Q

what started the first wave of 6th mass extinction?

A

the great migration

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24
Q

paleolithic

A

stone age

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25
Q

holocene

A

-1st cities
-emergence of diverse cultures

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26
Q

when did the anthropocene start?

A

started around the great acceleration (from WWII)

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27
Q

cherry picking

A

pointing to info while ignoring other info

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28
Q

hodgsen vs. turco

A

2 diff perspectives:
-hodgsen=dramatic constant change (dynamic)
-turco=earth dampens change (equilibrium)

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29
Q

eternal return

A

seeing nature as cyclical

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30
Q

western history

A

seasons, cycles, gods were angry when bad things happened

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31
Q

19th century

A

universal environmental change

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32
Q

carl linnaeus

A

argued for ordered nature

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33
Q

james huttons

A

theory of the earth (rock layers)

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34
Q

charles lyell

A

-uniformitarianism
-same processes that shaped life on earth continues today

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35
Q

george cuvier

A

-catastrophism
-earths history shaped by rare, unpredictable, transformative events

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36
Q

phyletic gradualism

A

large changes due to smaller changes over time

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37
Q

punctured equilibrium

A

rare events may lead to rapid changes or long periods of calm

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38
Q

gaia hypothesis

A

-5 atmospheric indicators
-negative feedback towards equilibrium

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39
Q

chaos theory

A

-2 initial conditions
-positive feedbacks influence change
-future depends on now

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40
Q

succession

A

disturbed ecosystems eventually go back to normal

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41
Q

I=PAT

A

I=impact
P=population
A=affluence (consumption)
T=technology

42
Q

the malthusians

A

-pop leads to hunger
-tech and affluence can alter rate of change but not affect the outcome
-malthus got it wrong bc looking forward rather than backward

43
Q

how does India push back on pop vs. consumption?

A

-it’s not pop, it’s consumption
-people in India emit less

44
Q

envi kuznets curve

A

-amount increases after initial period, total envi impact decreases w/ increasing wealth
-fails to consider international trade
-no simple result

45
Q

george marsh

A

“impacts” are driving force of disturbance

46
Q

albedo

A

ability of a surface to reflect light

47
Q

keeling curve

A

tracks rise of global co2

48
Q

how fast is the arctic melting?

A

4x

49
Q

carbon budget

A

est amount of co2 world can emit while maintaining global temp rise (2 degrees)

50
Q

el niño

A

trade winds blow W, reduces upwelling, sea surface temps rise, affecting global temps

51
Q

attribution science

A

math models to determine whether extreme events are caused by humans

52
Q

3 options to deal with cc

A

mitigation, adaption, suffering

53
Q

montreal protocol

A

-aimed to phase out ozone depleting chemicals
-social and cultural prob

54
Q

abusive fallacy

A

-name calling
-bc one person said it, it must be true

55
Q

dilution effect

A

-controversial in health ecology
-diverse ecosystems create situations where it’s less likely to get spillover
-complex math

56
Q

spillover

A

movement of pathogens from one species to another

57
Q

biodiversity levels of organization (smallest to largest)

A

-gene
-individual
-pop
-species
-ecosystem
-biome

58
Q

biodiversity hotspot

A

-34 regions
-density of endemic species
-species richness differs

59
Q

dichotomy/false dilemma

A

either one thing or the other

60
Q

6th mass extinction

A

-large groups of birds/amphibians under risk of extinction
-HI first then CA

61
Q

thomas mathus

A

“pop would make it hard for economics to grow”
-pessimist

62
Q

adam smith

A

-“free trade will optimize production”
-talked about regulation

63
Q

progressive era

A

series of reform movements

64
Q

the elephant curve

A

-poverty and wealth had income growth, middle class didn’t

65
Q

utilitarianism

A

how much can I take out while keeping env sustainable (max sustainable yield)

66
Q

robert costanza

A

-not everything is replaceable
-thought experiment

67
Q

lack of tolerance for cognitive dissonance

A

-contradictory thoughts, attitude, or evidence
-2 things can be valid

68
Q

economies of scale

A

as supply increases, price decreases

69
Q

confirmation bias

A

-favoring info that supports prior beliefs

70
Q

political backsliding

A

-access to democratic decision-making is being reduced over time due to unequal voting rights/flawed institutions

71
Q

republic

A

government of the people

72
Q

federalism

A

-power shared bw various members
-states are the sovereigns (police power)
-supreme clause
-env issues questions states rights

73
Q

constitutional basis for federal env laws

A

-commerce clause
-treaty power
-property power

74
Q

public trust doctrine

A

states have some authority to conserve resources for people of the state

75
Q

5 standards of regulation

A

1) command and control
2) tech or design
3) performance based
4) market based
5) voluntary
*CA bill 32 combines all to reduce GHG

76
Q

regional risk factors for emerging diseases?

A

habitat frag, pop size and growth, urbanization, migration, war, etc.

77
Q

ad hominem

A

logical fallacy: is an attack on someone’s character or qualities

78
Q

ecological guild– ex: large carnivores

A

group of creatures that exploit similar resources in similar ways

79
Q

ecological vs environmental economics

A

environmental= traditional approaches- look at env the same way they do anything else
ecological= lens of change- actively work to improve ecosystems

80
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

logical fallacy: a state of having contradictory thoughts, attitudes, or evidence. For many people, this can be so confusing or even disorienting that they reject it, choosing instead to embrace a single belief

81
Q

just transition

A

finding ways to help people shift to a low or no carbon society

82
Q

supremacy clause

A

federal laws are supreme, even though states are seen as “sovereign”

83
Q

appeal to authority

A

logical fallacy: “Because this person said it, it must be true”

84
Q

managed retreat

A

buffering communities from coastal threats, if done in an orderly and
planned way

85
Q

What historic event in 2014 led to the poisoning of an entire community’s water supply and is a key example of an environmental justice issue?

A

lead poisoning in Flint, Michigan

86
Q

hasty generalization

A

-problem of induction
-I have an experience of something so I’m just gonna draw a conclusion from that
-claim based on few examples

87
Q

slippery slope

A

if you do one thing, another (and prob worse) thing is gonna follow

88
Q

EPAs definition of env justice fails to account for…

A

why we are in this problem to begin with

89
Q

3 Climate justice conclusions…

A

-risk
-vulnerability
-resilience

90
Q

whataboutism

A
  • a diversion or distraction
  • “yeah that’s bad but what about this thing? that’s bad too”
91
Q

how much of pop lives on coast?

A

40% (less than 10% total land)

92
Q

why are insurance companies retreating?

A

-increased claims
-regulatory difficulties
-withdrawal of reinsurance firms from markets

93
Q

holdrens formula

A

-adaption
-mitigation
-suffering

94
Q

what was the most powerful law passed w/o question

A

ESA

95
Q

Kat Macay TA talk

A

-Red tail monkey project
-aerospace (carbon emissions)
-now works for FORVIS (counting carbon)

96
Q

Alicia TA talk

A

-Wild salmon center internship
-makes maps
-salmon pop decreasing in NW bc of pebble mine

97
Q

Eleri Griffiths TA talk

A

-Worked at NASA
-SE coast ecological conservation (ghost forests= dead wet in wetlands)

98
Q

Chloe Swick TA talk

A

-env economics & policy
-studying whales from space
-outlaw ocean project

99
Q

Tatiana Bak TA talk

A

-env toxicology
-coastal resource management
-waste free waves (debris in Chumash sanctuary)

100
Q

Micheal TA talk

A

-Historical ecology & biogeography
-El Niño (why some fish show up where not supposed to)

ES 1 (2 decks)

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