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Haematology > Erythrocytes > Flashcards

Erythrocytes Flashcards

1
Q

What hormone drives erythropoiesis?

A

EPO (erythropoietin)

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2
Q

Where is EPO produced?

A

Kidneys

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3
Q

What organs/cells are involved in the removal. of carbon dioxide from tissues?

A

Lungs
Renal tubules
RBCs

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4
Q

Haem allows reversible binding of oxygen without undergoing oxidation or reduction. T/F?

A

True

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5
Q

How much iron is there in the body?

A

4G

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6
Q

How much iron is present in RBCs?

A

3G

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7
Q

Other than in RBCs, where is iron stored?

A

RES
Myoglobins
Enzymes

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8
Q

Which key enzymes contain iron?

A 
Cytochromes
Peroxides
Xanthine oxidase
Catalyses
RNA reductase
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9
Q

Which protein transports iron in plasma?

A

Transferrin

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10
Q

Normally, how saturated with iron is transferrin?

A

30%

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11
Q

How much iron is required by the body every day?

A

1-2mg

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12
Q

What transport protein allows the absorption of iron?

A

DMT1

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13
Q

What protein converts FE3+ iron to FE2+ iron for. absorption?

A

DCytb

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14
Q

What are the two intracellular storage molecules for iron?

A

Ferritin

Haemosiderin

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15
Q

Which hormone regulates iron absorption?

A

Hepcidin

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16
Q

Which transport protein allows the movement of iron from enterocytes into plasma?

A

Ferroportin

17
Q

How much iron is stored in the reticuloendothelial system?

A

500mg

18
Q

How does hepcidin work to lower iron concentrations?

A

Binds to and degrades ferroportin to limit iron absorption from intestines and release from RES macrophages

19
Q

Which gene is responsible for hepcidin production?

A

HFE gene

20
Q

Where is hepcidin synthesised?

A

Liver

21
Q

In which food products is vitamin B12 present?

A

Meat

Dairy

22
Q

How much vitamin B12 is required by the body each day?

A

1 ug

23
Q

For how long could the body’s stores of vitamin B12 provide?

A

3-4 years

24
Q

Vitamin B12 requires which molecule. for absorption?

A

Intrinsic factor

25
Q

Intrinsic factor is required for the absorption of vitamin b12. Where is intrinsic factor produced?

A

Parietal cells of the stomach

26
Q

In which food products is folate present?

A

Green vegetables

27
Q

Folate requires a carrier molecule for absorption. T/F?

A

False

28
Q

Folate deficiencies cause neurological symptoms in adults. T/F?

A

False

29
Q

There are large stores of folate in the body. T/F?

A

False - the stores of folate are very small

30
Q

Which cells are particularly affected by vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies?

A

Haemopoietic stem cells

Epithelial cells in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, urinary/female GU tract

31
Q

Describe the appearance of RBCs in anaemia due to vitamin B12 or folate deficiency?

A

Macrocytic

32
Q

What are the possible neurological manifestations of vitamin B12 deficiencies?

A

Bilateral peripheral neuropathy

Demyelination of the posterior and pyramidal tracts of the spinal. cord

33
Q

What effect does folate deficiency have on a foetus in the first trimester?

A

Neural tube defects

34
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a vitamin B12 or folate deficiency?

A

Tiredness due to anaemia
Easy brushing due to thrombocytopaenia
Mild jaundice

35
Q

What type of diet can cause a vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Vegan diet

36
Q

What is the name of the autoimmune condition which results in vitamin B12. deficiency?

A

Pernicious anaemia

37
Q

In pernicious anaemia, what antibodies are often present?

A

Gastric parietal cell autoantibodies

Intrinsic factor autoantibodies

38
Q

Other than pernicious anaemia, what can cause vitamin B12 deficiency?

A 
Pregnancy
Hormone contraceptives
Metformin 
PPIs
Gastrectomy
Chron's disease
Ileal resection

Haematology (6 decks)

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