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MCM Exam II > Erythrocyte Physiology > Flashcards

Erythrocyte Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

three types of formed elements

A

white blood cells
red blood cells
platelets

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2
Q

hematocrit

A

the % of blood that is cells

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3
Q

RBC levels are sensed by the

A

kidney

- and a little in the liver

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4
Q

HIF-a

  • what does it do in high O2 levels
  • low O2 levels?
A

hypoxia inducible factor

  • is ubiquinated and destroyed in sufficient O2 state
  • accumulates in low O2 state
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5
Q

how does HIF act as a transcription factor

A

it binds with HIF-b in the nucleus and induces transcription and expression of erythropoietin which is then released in the blood

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6
Q

erythropoietin

A

principle regulator of erythropoiesis; produced by kidneys –> promotes erythropoiesis in bone marrow

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7
Q

the receptor for erythropoietin is connected to the _____ pathway

A

JAK2/STAT5 pathway

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8
Q

two requirements for adequate erythropoiesis

A
  • adequate nutrition

- iron availability

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9
Q

microcytic anemia

A

low iron; smaller hemoglobins; pallor

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10
Q

the acidity of the stomach favors which form of iron

A

ferric form (Fe3+)

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11
Q

why do deficiencies in B12 and folic acid cause macrocytic anemia

A

cells are going through cell division but cannot make DNA, but they are still making proteins so the RBCs are getting larger

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12
Q

what do deficiencies cause in:

  • iron
  • B12
  • folate
A
  • microcytic anemia
  • macrocytic anemia
  • macrocytic anemia
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13
Q

what is the expected amount of oxygen to be carried by hemoglobin

A

1.34 mL O2 / g Hb

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14
Q

how to calculate oxygen capacity

A

1.34 mL x g of Hb

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15
Q

how to calculate oxygen content

A

oxygen capacity x % saturation

(1.34 x g Hb) x % saturation

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16
Q

what do RBCs need for

  • flexibility
  • ion transport
  • maintaining iron in ferrous state
  • preventing oxidation of Hb
A

ATP

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17
Q

how does the body compensate when O2 content is decreased

A

increased work load on heart; heart pumps more blood

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18
Q

In anemia, how are the levels changed:

  • O2 sat
  • Hb
  • O2 capacity
  • O2 content
  • blood viscosity
  • heart workload
  • serum iron
  • serum ferritin
  • transferrin
A
  • O2 sat unchanged
  • Hb reduced
  • O2 capacity reduced
  • O2 content reduced
  • viscosity reduced
  • heart workload increased
  • serum iron reduced
  • serum ferritin reduced
  • transferrin increased
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19
Q

in hemochromatosis, how are the levels changed:

  • O2 sat
  • Hb
  • O2 capacity
  • O2 content
  • blood viscosity
  • heart workload
  • serum iron
  • serum ferritin
  • transferrin
A
  • O2 sat unchanged
  • Hb normal
  • O2 capacity normal
  • O2 content normal
  • normal viscosity
  • cardiomyopathy
  • serum iron increased
  • serum ferritin increased
  • transferring reduced
20
Q

Polycythemia

A

too many red blood cells

  • thicker blood
  • greater workload for heart
21
Q

physiological polycythemia

A

low oxygen due to altitude/lung/heart disease

22
Q

polycythemia vera (primary polycythemia)

A

bone marrow is making RBC when there is no need to; can be related to mutation in receptor for thrombopoietin

23
Q

what is primary polycythemia characterized by

  • EPO level
  • RBC amount
  • blood volume level
  • viscosity
  • cardiac output
A 
genetic low EPO
extra RBCs
increased blood volume
increased viscosity
normal cardiac output
24
Q

what is physiological polycythemia characterized by

  • environment
  • RBC amount
  • cardiac output
A

high altitude adaptation
extra RBCs
normal cardiac output

25
Q

what is secondary polycythemia characterized by

  • EPO level
  • RBC amount
  • cardiac output
A

high EPO
extra RBCs
heart, lungs, vasculature may be abnormal

26
Q

what does a left shift on the Hb dissociation curve indicate

A

increase in affinity of Hb for O2

27
Q

what does a right shift on the Hb dissociation curve indicate

A

decrease in affinity of Hb for O2

28
Q

what factors can cause a right shift in the dissociation curve of Hb

A

high CO2
low pH
increase temperature
2,3-BPG

29
Q

what factors can cause a left shift in the dissociation curve of Hb

A

low CO2

high pH

30
Q

when do we see an increase in CO2 and/or H+, temperature, and 2,3-BPG

A

exercising

31
Q

methemoglobinemia

A

the presence of large amounts of iron in the 3+ state in the heme

  • decreased oxygen availability
  • left shift on curve
  • chocolate colored blood
  • easily reversed
32
Q

what do the kidneys do under low oxygen conditions

A

produce more EPO

33
Q

5 factors that decrease oxygenation in the tissues

A 
low blood volume
anemia
low Hb
poor blood flow
pulmonary disease
34
Q

poor B12 absorption due to autoimmune disorder causes

A

pernicious anemia

35
Q

folate or B12 deficiency causes

A

megaloblastic macrocytic anemia

36
Q

hypochromic anemia is caused by

A

deficient transport of transferrin to developing erythroblast

37
Q

microcytic anemia

A

caused by deficiency in iron

38
Q

what is the oxygen saturation of blood leaving the lungs

A

95 mmHg

39
Q

what shift in the dissociation curve is associated with anemia

A

right shift

40
Q

what shift in the dissociation curve is associated with polycythemia

A

left shift

41
Q

true/false:

anemia decreases the oxygen carrying capacity but does not affect the percent saturation

A

true

42
Q

oxygen capacity vs oxygen content

A

maximum amount of O2 that can be carried by Hb

amount of O2 that is actually being carried

43
Q

oxygen saturation

A

spots occupied by oxygen as a percentage of total available spots

44
Q

why do RBCs need ATP

A
  • contributes to membrane flexibility
  • maintains iron in Fe2+ rather than 3+
  • ion transport
  • prevents against oxidative damage
45
Q

released hemoglobin from ruptured RBC going where

A

it is ingested by monocyte-macrophage cells immediately

MCM Exam II (14 decks)

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