Basic Blood Flashcards
Dr. Dennis
4 functions of blood
- delivery of nutrients and oxygen
- transport of wastes and CO2
- delivery of hormones, regulatory substances, immune cells
- maintenance of homeostasis (acts as a buffer, coagulates, thermoregulation)
hematocrit
lab test; a vile of blood is centrifuged which separates it based on weight and density; RBCs will be on the bottom, WBC have a small area in the middle, and plasma is the top
blood plasma
fluid component of the blood; a solvent for a variety of solutes (proteins, regulatory substances, nutrients, electrolytes, dissolved gases, wastes)
how much of blood plasma is water
91-92%
what is the dominant protein in blood plasma
albumin
three proteins in plasma
albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
serum
blood plasma without clotting factos
albumin
main protein constituent of blood plasma; made in the liver; creates the concentration gradient between blood and extracellular tissue fluid
–> colloid osmotic pressure
also a carrier protein for thyroxine, bilirubin, and barbiturates
immunoglobulins (y-globulins)
antibodies; largest component of globulins in plasma
non-immune globulins (a and b-globulins)
maintain the osmotic pressure within the vascular system and serve as carrier proteins; part of the globulins in plasma
ex: fibronectin, lipoproteins, coagulation factors
fibrinogen
the largest plasma protein in size; made in the liver
fibrinogen chains (soluble) form monomers, then polymerize into long fibers (insoluble) that create a net to prevent further blood loss (clotting cascade)
erythrocytes
- type of cell
- shape
- function
- anucleated cells, no typical organelles
- biconcave disc, extremely flexible
- bind O2 for delivery to tissues and bind CO2 for removal from tissues
where are RBCs phagocytosed
spleen
bone marrow
liver
why are RBCs called the histologic ruler
they are consistent in their size (always 7-8 microns in diameter)
how does the biconcave shape of RBCs help its function
it increases their flexibility; allows the cells to fold over to get through tiny capillaries
reticulocytes
immature RBCs that are released into circulation from the bone marrow –> indicative of infection; have not yet shed all their nuclear material and still have organelles
- takes 24-48 hours to mature into erythrocytes
glycophorin C
integral membrane protein in the erythrocyte cytoskeleton
- attaches the underlying cytoskeletal protein network to the cell membrane
band 3 proteins
integral membrane protein in the erythrocyte cytoskeleton
- binds hemoglobin
- acts as an anchoring site for the cytoskeletal proteins
- forms dimer
alpha-spectrin and beta-spectrin
heterodimer that forms long, flexible tetramers
forms the peripheral membrane protein lattice network in the erythrocyte cytoskeleton; connects peripheral proteins in the extracellular component of RBCs
band 4.1 protein complex
peripheral protein complex; acts as an anchor for alpha and beta spectrin
also attaches to glycophorin C on the extracellular portion
ankyrin protein complex
peripheral protein complex; attaches to band 3 dimer in extracellular portion; anchors alpha and beta spectrin filaments
deficiencies in what three supplements can cause anemia
iron
vitamin B12
folic acid
hemolysis
the rupture of destruction of RBCs
- occurs with RBCs that are unable to adapt to changes in osmotic pressure and/or mechanical deformities
hereditary spherocytosis
- what kind of mutation
- what does it affect
- what does it cause
autosomal dominant mutation that affects the ankyrin complex
- causes membrane to detach and peel off secondary to defective anchor proteins –> spherical erythrocytes
hereditary elliptocytosis
- what kind of mutation
- what does it affect
- what does it cause
autosomal dominant mutation that affects the spectrin-to-spectrin lateral bonds and spectrin-ankyrin-band 1.4 protein junctions
- membranes fail to rebound and they progressively elongate –> elliptical RBCs
how can RBCs cause jaundice
destruction of circulating erythrocytes causes jaundice
4 characteristics of sickled RBCs
- blood is more viscous
- RBCs more fragile
- break down after ~20 days
- pile up in small capillaries causing obstruction
granulocytes
type of leukocyte
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
agranulocytes
type of leukocyte
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
order the leukocytes from greatest number in the blood to smallest
neutrophils lymphocytes monocytes eosinophils basophils
neutrophils
- nuclei appearance
- function
- multi-lobed nucleus
- acute inflammation and tissue injury
- secrete enzymes, ingest damaged tissues, kill invading microorganisms
- recognize and bind to bacteria, foreign organisms, infectious agents
azurophilic granules (primary granules)
type of neutrophil granule; lysosomes containing myeloperoxidase (MPO) which creates reactive oxygen species
specific granules (secondary granules)
type of neutrophil granule; contains antimicrobial peptides
tertiary granules
type of neutrophil granule
- metalloproteinases
what do metalloproteinases do
facilitate migration of neutrophils out of vasculature and to the site of infection (rolling adhesion)
Diapedesis
- what is it
- controlled by what
when neutrophils leave the circulation and migrate to the site of infection
- controlled by adhesion molecules that interact with ligands on endothelial cells
- chemotaxis
eosinophils
- nuclei appearance
- what do they release
- what activates them
- function
- bi-lobed nucleus
- release arylsulfatase and histaminase
- activated by allergies and parasites
- mediate chronic inflammation
basophils
- nuclei appearance
- how are they activated
- function
- lobed nucleus usually obscured by granules
- activated by binding to antigen-IgE complex
- releases vasoactive agents; hypersensitivity reactions and anaphylaxis
Lymphocytes
- nuclei appearance
- specialization status
- three types
main functional cell of immune system
- very prominent central nucleus
- not terminally differentiated
- t cells, b cells, NK cells
T cells
- function
- where are they developed
- life span
cell-mediated immunity
- undergo differentiation in the thymus
- long life span
B cells
- where are they developed
- function
- forms and differentiate in bone marrow
- transform into plasma cells and then into antibodies
NK cells
natural killer cells
- programmed to kill virus infected and/or tumor cells
Monocytes
- nuclei appearance
- function
- where do they differentiate
- indented, heart shaped nucleus, C-shaped nucleus
- precursor to macrophage –> phagocytosis of infectious particles
- connective tissue, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow
Thrombocytes
- derived from what
- involved in what
another word for platelet; derived from megakaryocytes; they exist as membrane bound cytoplasmic fragments
- involved in hemostasis (control of bleeding)
Thrombocytosis
disorder in which your body produces too many platelets (thrombocytes), which play an important role in blood clotting
what does serotonin do when released from platelets
it’s a vasoconstrictor –> smooth muscle contraction –> reduces blood flow at injury
what do ADP & thromboxane A2 do when released from platelets
increases aggregation of platelets to form the primary hemostatic plug (primary clot)
how do platelets form the secondary hemostatic plug
soluble fibrinogen is converted to insoluble fibrin, which forms a mesh over initial plug and entraps platelet
Neutrophil bands
indicate an infection in process; indicate immature neutrophils that are being recruited
interstitial fluid
fluid surrounding tissue cells, derived from blood plasma
sickle cell anemia hemoglobin
HbS: mutated RBCs (normal is HbA)
- sickle shaped at low oxygen saturation
- 85% in homozygotes, 40% in heterozygotes
