Basic Blood

Question 1

4 functions of blood

Answer 1

1. delivery of nutrients and oxygen
2. transport of wastes and CO2
3. delivery of hormones, regulatory substances, immune cells
4. maintenance of homeostasis (acts as a buffer, coagulates, thermoregulation)

Question 2

hematocrit

Answer 2

lab test; a vile of blood is centrifuged which separates it based on weight and density; RBCs will be on the bottom, WBC have a small area in the middle, and plasma is the top

Question 3

blood plasma

Answer 3

fluid component of the blood; a solvent for a variety of solutes (proteins, regulatory substances, nutrients, electrolytes, dissolved gases, wastes)

Question 4

how much of blood plasma is water

Answer 4

91-92%

Question 5

what is the dominant protein in blood plasma

Answer 5

albumin

Question 6

three proteins in plasma

Answer 6

albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

Question 7

serum

Answer 7

blood plasma without clotting factos

Question 8

albumin

Answer 8

main protein constituent of blood plasma; made in the liver; creates the concentration gradient between blood and extracellular tissue fluid
–> colloid osmotic pressure
also a carrier protein for thyroxine, bilirubin, and barbiturates

Question 9

immunoglobulins (y-globulins)

Answer 9

antibodies; largest component of globulins in plasma

Question 10

non-immune globulins (a and b-globulins)

Answer 10

maintain the osmotic pressure within the vascular system and serve as carrier proteins; part of the globulins in plasma
ex: fibronectin, lipoproteins, coagulation factors

Question 11

fibrinogen

Answer 11

the largest plasma protein in size; made in the liver

fibrinogen chains (soluble) form monomers, then polymerize into long fibers (insoluble) that create a net to prevent further blood loss (clotting cascade)

Question 12

erythrocytes

• type of cell
• shape
• function

Answer 12

• anucleated cells, no typical organelles
• biconcave disc, extremely flexible
• bind O2 for delivery to tissues and bind CO2 for removal from tissues

Question 13

where are RBCs phagocytosed

Answer 13

spleen
bone marrow
liver

Question 14

why are RBCs called the histologic ruler

Answer 14

they are consistent in their size (always 7-8 microns in diameter)

Question 15

how does the biconcave shape of RBCs help its function

Answer 15

it increases their flexibility; allows the cells to fold over to get through tiny capillaries

Question 16

reticulocytes

Answer 16

immature RBCs that are released into circulation from the bone marrow –> indicative of infection; have not yet shed all their nuclear material and still have organelles
- takes 24-48 hours to mature into erythrocytes

Question 17

glycophorin C

Answer 17

integral membrane protein in the erythrocyte cytoskeleton

- attaches the underlying cytoskeletal protein network to the cell membrane

Question 18

band 3 proteins

Answer 18

integral membrane protein in the erythrocyte cytoskeleton

• binds hemoglobin
• acts as an anchoring site for the cytoskeletal proteins
• forms dimer

Question 19

alpha-spectrin and beta-spectrin

Answer 19

heterodimer that forms long, flexible tetramers

forms the peripheral membrane protein lattice network in the erythrocyte cytoskeleton; connects peripheral proteins in the extracellular component of RBCs

Question 20

band 4.1 protein complex

Answer 20

peripheral protein complex; acts as an anchor for alpha and beta spectrin

also attaches to glycophorin C on the extracellular portion

Question 21

ankyrin protein complex

Answer 21

peripheral protein complex; attaches to band 3 dimer in extracellular portion; anchors alpha and beta spectrin filaments

Question 22

deficiencies in what three supplements can cause anemia

Answer 22

iron
vitamin B12
folic acid

Question 23

hemolysis

Answer 23

the rupture of destruction of RBCs

- occurs with RBCs that are unable to adapt to changes in osmotic pressure and/or mechanical deformities

Question 24

hereditary spherocytosis

• what kind of mutation
• what does it affect
• what does it cause

Answer 24

autosomal dominant mutation that affects the ankyrin complex

- causes membrane to detach and peel off secondary to defective anchor proteins –> spherical erythrocytes

Question 25

hereditary elliptocytosis - what kind of mutation - what does it affect - what does it cause

Answer 25

autosomal dominant mutation that affects the spectrin-to-spectrin lateral bonds and spectrin-ankyrin-band 1.4 protein junctions - membranes fail to rebound and they progressively elongate --> elliptical RBCs

Question 26

how can RBCs cause jaundice

Answer 26

destruction of circulating erythrocytes causes jaundice

Question 27

4 characteristics of sickled RBCs

Answer 27

1. blood is more viscous 2. RBCs more fragile 3. break down after ~20 days 4. pile up in small capillaries causing obstruction

Question 28

granulocytes

Answer 28

type of leukocyte - neutrophils - eosinophils - basophils

Question 29

agranulocytes

Answer 29

type of leukocyte - lymphocytes - monocytes

Question 30

order the leukocytes from greatest number in the blood to smallest

Answer 30

``` neutrophils lymphocytes monocytes eosinophils basophils ```

Question 31

neutrophils - nuclei appearance - function

Answer 31

- multi-lobed nucleus - acute inflammation and tissue injury - secrete enzymes, ingest damaged tissues, kill invading microorganisms - recognize and bind to bacteria, foreign organisms, infectious agents

Question 32

azurophilic granules (primary granules)

Answer 32

type of neutrophil granule; lysosomes containing myeloperoxidase (MPO) which creates reactive oxygen species

Question 33

specific granules (secondary granules)

Answer 33

type of neutrophil granule; contains antimicrobial peptides

Question 34

tertiary granules

Answer 34

type of neutrophil granule | - metalloproteinases

Question 35

what do metalloproteinases do

Answer 35

facilitate migration of neutrophils out of vasculature and to the site of infection (rolling adhesion)

Question 36

Diapedesis - what is it - controlled by what

Answer 36

when neutrophils leave the circulation and migrate to the site of infection - controlled by adhesion molecules that interact with ligands on endothelial cells - chemotaxis

Question 37

eosinophils - nuclei appearance - what do they release - what activates them - function

Answer 37

- bi-lobed nucleus - release arylsulfatase and histaminase - activated by allergies and parasites - mediate chronic inflammation

Question 38

basophils - nuclei appearance - how are they activated - function

Answer 38

- lobed nucleus usually obscured by granules - activated by binding to antigen-IgE complex - releases vasoactive agents; hypersensitivity reactions and anaphylaxis

Question 39

Lymphocytes - nuclei appearance - specialization status - three types

Answer 39

main functional cell of immune system - very prominent central nucleus - not terminally differentiated - t cells, b cells, NK cells

Question 40

T cells - function - where are they developed - life span

Answer 40

cell-mediated immunity - undergo differentiation in the thymus - long life span

Question 41

B cells - where are they developed - function

Answer 41

- forms and differentiate in bone marrow | - transform into plasma cells and then into antibodies

Question 42

NK cells

Answer 42

natural killer cells | - programmed to kill virus infected and/or tumor cells

Question 43

Monocytes - nuclei appearance - function - where do they differentiate

Answer 43

- indented, heart shaped nucleus, C-shaped nucleus - precursor to macrophage --> phagocytosis of infectious particles - connective tissue, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow

Question 44

Thrombocytes - derived from what - involved in what

Answer 44

another word for platelet; derived from megakaryocytes; they exist as membrane bound cytoplasmic fragments - involved in hemostasis (control of bleeding)

Question 45

Thrombocytosis

Answer 45

disorder in which your body produces too many platelets (thrombocytes), which play an important role in blood clotting

Question 46

what does serotonin do when released from platelets

Answer 46

it's a vasoconstrictor --> smooth muscle contraction --> reduces blood flow at injury

Question 47

what do ADP & thromboxane A2 do when released from platelets

Answer 47

increases aggregation of platelets to form the primary hemostatic plug (primary clot)

Question 48

how do platelets form the secondary hemostatic plug

Answer 48

soluble fibrinogen is converted to insoluble fibrin, which forms a mesh over initial plug and entraps platelet

Question 49

Neutrophil bands

Answer 49

indicate an infection in process; indicate immature neutrophils that are being recruited

Question 50

interstitial fluid

Answer 50

fluid surrounding tissue cells, derived from blood plasma

Question 51

sickle cell anemia hemoglobin

Answer 51

HbS: mutated RBCs (normal is HbA) - sickle shaped at low oxygen saturation - 85% in homozygotes, 40% in heterozygotes