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MCM Exam II > Basic Blood > Flashcards

Basic Blood Flashcards

Dr. Dennis

1
Q

4 functions of blood

A
  1. delivery of nutrients and oxygen
  2. transport of wastes and CO2
  3. delivery of hormones, regulatory substances, immune cells
  4. maintenance of homeostasis (acts as a buffer, coagulates, thermoregulation)
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2
Q

hematocrit

A

lab test; a vile of blood is centrifuged which separates it based on weight and density; RBCs will be on the bottom, WBC have a small area in the middle, and plasma is the top

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3
Q

blood plasma

A

fluid component of the blood; a solvent for a variety of solutes (proteins, regulatory substances, nutrients, electrolytes, dissolved gases, wastes)

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4
Q

how much of blood plasma is water

A

91-92%

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5
Q

what is the dominant protein in blood plasma

A

albumin

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6
Q

three proteins in plasma

A

albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

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7
Q

serum

A

blood plasma without clotting factos

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8
Q

albumin

A

main protein constituent of blood plasma; made in the liver; creates the concentration gradient between blood and extracellular tissue fluid
–> colloid osmotic pressure
also a carrier protein for thyroxine, bilirubin, and barbiturates

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9
Q

immunoglobulins (y-globulins)

A

antibodies; largest component of globulins in plasma

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10
Q

non-immune globulins (a and b-globulins)

A

maintain the osmotic pressure within the vascular system and serve as carrier proteins; part of the globulins in plasma
ex: fibronectin, lipoproteins, coagulation factors

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11
Q

fibrinogen

A

the largest plasma protein in size; made in the liver

fibrinogen chains (soluble) form monomers, then polymerize into long fibers (insoluble) that create a net to prevent further blood loss (clotting cascade)

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12
Q

erythrocytes

  • type of cell
  • shape
  • function
A
  • anucleated cells, no typical organelles
  • biconcave disc, extremely flexible
  • bind O2 for delivery to tissues and bind CO2 for removal from tissues
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13
Q

where are RBCs phagocytosed

A

spleen
bone marrow
liver

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14
Q

why are RBCs called the histologic ruler

A

they are consistent in their size (always 7-8 microns in diameter)

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15
Q

how does the biconcave shape of RBCs help its function

A

it increases their flexibility; allows the cells to fold over to get through tiny capillaries

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16
Q

reticulocytes

A

immature RBCs that are released into circulation from the bone marrow –> indicative of infection; have not yet shed all their nuclear material and still have organelles
- takes 24-48 hours to mature into erythrocytes

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17
Q

glycophorin C

A

integral membrane protein in the erythrocyte cytoskeleton

- attaches the underlying cytoskeletal protein network to the cell membrane

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18
Q

band 3 proteins

A

integral membrane protein in the erythrocyte cytoskeleton

  • binds hemoglobin
  • acts as an anchoring site for the cytoskeletal proteins
  • forms dimer
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19
Q

alpha-spectrin and beta-spectrin

A

heterodimer that forms long, flexible tetramers

forms the peripheral membrane protein lattice network in the erythrocyte cytoskeleton; connects peripheral proteins in the extracellular component of RBCs

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20
Q

band 4.1 protein complex

A

peripheral protein complex; acts as an anchor for alpha and beta spectrin

also attaches to glycophorin C on the extracellular portion

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21
Q

ankyrin protein complex

A

peripheral protein complex; attaches to band 3 dimer in extracellular portion; anchors alpha and beta spectrin filaments

22
Q

deficiencies in what three supplements can cause anemia

A

iron
vitamin B12
folic acid

23
Q

hemolysis

A

the rupture of destruction of RBCs

- occurs with RBCs that are unable to adapt to changes in osmotic pressure and/or mechanical deformities

24
Q

hereditary spherocytosis

  • what kind of mutation
  • what does it affect
  • what does it cause
A

autosomal dominant mutation that affects the ankyrin complex

- causes membrane to detach and peel off secondary to defective anchor proteins –> spherical erythrocytes

25
Q

hereditary elliptocytosis

  • what kind of mutation
  • what does it affect
  • what does it cause
A

autosomal dominant mutation that affects the spectrin-to-spectrin lateral bonds and spectrin-ankyrin-band 1.4 protein junctions
- membranes fail to rebound and they progressively elongate –> elliptical RBCs

26
Q

how can RBCs cause jaundice

A

destruction of circulating erythrocytes causes jaundice

27
Q

4 characteristics of sickled RBCs

A
  1. blood is more viscous
  2. RBCs more fragile
  3. break down after ~20 days
  4. pile up in small capillaries causing obstruction
28
Q

granulocytes

A

type of leukocyte

  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
29
Q

agranulocytes

A

type of leukocyte

  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
30
Q

order the leukocytes from greatest number in the blood to smallest

A 
neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils
31
Q

neutrophils

  • nuclei appearance
  • function
A
  • multi-lobed nucleus
  • acute inflammation and tissue injury
  • secrete enzymes, ingest damaged tissues, kill invading microorganisms
  • recognize and bind to bacteria, foreign organisms, infectious agents
32
Q

azurophilic granules (primary granules)

A

type of neutrophil granule; lysosomes containing myeloperoxidase (MPO) which creates reactive oxygen species

33
Q

specific granules (secondary granules)

A

type of neutrophil granule; contains antimicrobial peptides

34
Q

tertiary granules

A

type of neutrophil granule

- metalloproteinases

35
Q

what do metalloproteinases do

A

facilitate migration of neutrophils out of vasculature and to the site of infection (rolling adhesion)

36
Q

Diapedesis

  • what is it
  • controlled by what
A

when neutrophils leave the circulation and migrate to the site of infection

  • controlled by adhesion molecules that interact with ligands on endothelial cells
  • chemotaxis
37
Q

eosinophils

  • nuclei appearance
  • what do they release
  • what activates them
  • function
A
  • bi-lobed nucleus
  • release arylsulfatase and histaminase
  • activated by allergies and parasites
  • mediate chronic inflammation
38
Q

basophils

  • nuclei appearance
  • how are they activated
  • function
A
  • lobed nucleus usually obscured by granules
  • activated by binding to antigen-IgE complex
  • releases vasoactive agents; hypersensitivity reactions and anaphylaxis
39
Q

Lymphocytes

  • nuclei appearance
  • specialization status
  • three types
A

main functional cell of immune system

  • very prominent central nucleus
  • not terminally differentiated
  • t cells, b cells, NK cells
40
Q

T cells

  • function
  • where are they developed
  • life span
A

cell-mediated immunity

  • undergo differentiation in the thymus
  • long life span
41
Q

B cells

  • where are they developed
  • function
A
  • forms and differentiate in bone marrow

- transform into plasma cells and then into antibodies

42
Q

NK cells

A

natural killer cells

- programmed to kill virus infected and/or tumor cells

43
Q

Monocytes

  • nuclei appearance
  • function
  • where do they differentiate
A
  • indented, heart shaped nucleus, C-shaped nucleus
  • precursor to macrophage –> phagocytosis of infectious particles
  • connective tissue, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow
44
Q

Thrombocytes

  • derived from what
  • involved in what
A

another word for platelet; derived from megakaryocytes; they exist as membrane bound cytoplasmic fragments
- involved in hemostasis (control of bleeding)

45
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

disorder in which your body produces too many platelets (thrombocytes), which play an important role in blood clotting

46
Q

what does serotonin do when released from platelets

A

it’s a vasoconstrictor –> smooth muscle contraction –> reduces blood flow at injury

47
Q

what do ADP & thromboxane A2 do when released from platelets

A

increases aggregation of platelets to form the primary hemostatic plug (primary clot)

48
Q

how do platelets form the secondary hemostatic plug

A

soluble fibrinogen is converted to insoluble fibrin, which forms a mesh over initial plug and entraps platelet

49
Q

Neutrophil bands

A

indicate an infection in process; indicate immature neutrophils that are being recruited

50
Q

interstitial fluid

A

fluid surrounding tissue cells, derived from blood plasma

51
Q

sickle cell anemia hemoglobin

A

HbS: mutated RBCs (normal is HbA)

  • sickle shaped at low oxygen saturation
  • 85% in homozygotes, 40% in heterozygotes

MCM Exam II (14 decks)

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