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ERQ Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Aim of Joiner

cognitive etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a cognitive approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

determine the role of depressive and anxious thinking patterns on the development of depressive symptoms.

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2
Q

Sample of Joiner

cognitive etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a cognitive approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

119 American university psych students

mean age was 19 years old

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3
Q

Procedure of Joiner pt.1

cognitive etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a cognitive approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

the stressor that was the student’s mid-term examinations/they were assessed 2 weeks before and 2 weeks after their mid-term exams

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4
Q

Procedure of Joiner pt. 2

cognitive etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a cognitive approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

3 tests were given: The DAS/CCL/BDI

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5
Q

Findings of Joiner

cognitive etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a cognitive approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

there is correlation between having higher scores on the depressive thinking patterns questions and the increase in the BDI scores if a student failed an exam.

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6
Q

Strengths of Joiner

cognitive etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a cognitive approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

control for bidirectional ambiguity/high ecological validity

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7
Q

Limitations of Joiner

cognitive etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a cognitive approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

Sampling bias/issues with self-report

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8
Q

Aim of Alloy

cognitive etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a cognitive approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

to see if negative schemas about oneself, otheres, and the future play a key role in MDD

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9
Q

Procedure of Alloy

cognitive etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a cognitive approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

1st test was to measure their cognitive style/either High or Low Risk for depression based on their thinking patterns/Follow up assessments occured in the following years/Used questionnaires and structured interviews to idenitfy stressful life events, cognitive style, and symptoms of depression

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10
Q

Sample of Alloy

cognitive etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a cognitive approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

non-depressed college freshmen with no other diagnosed disorders. Half of the sample had a history of clinical depression; the other half did not. The students with a history of clinical depression demonstrated no symptoms at the beginning of the study.

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11
Q

Procedure of Alloy pt. 2

cognitive etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a cognitive approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

Participants took a test in which they listened to a list of adjectives. For each adj they were asked whether they though that the word described them. Then were asked to recall as many words as possible on the list

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12
Q

Findings of Alloy pt. 1

cognitive etiology

A

17% of HR students devleoped MDD and 29% showed symptoms of minor depression/27% who had a past history relasped/50% showed symptoms associated with MDD/rate of suicidailty was higher

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13
Q

Findings of Alloy pt. 2

cognitive etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a cognitive approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

The researchers found that the HR groups showed faster processing and better recall of negative information, and slower processing and worse recall of positive information

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14
Q

Strengths of Alloy

A

method triangulation/high standardized validity

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15
Q

Limitations of Alloy

A

Did not examine duration of effects/Identified symptoms but no diagnosis

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16
Q

Aim of Brown and Harris

sociocultural etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a sociocultural approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

nvestigate how depression could be linked to social factors and stressful life events in a sample of women.

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17
Q

Participants of Brown & Harris

sociocultural etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a sociocultural approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

458 women in South London

18
Q

Procedure of Brown & Harris

sociocultural etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a sociocultural approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

were surveyed on their daily life and depressive episodes. The researchers focused on important biographical details - that is, particular life events or particular difficulties faced by the women. These events were later rated in severity by independent researchers.

19
Q

Findings of Brown & Harris

sociocultural etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a sociocultural approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

found 3 major factors that afected the development of MDD: protective factors , vulnerability factors, and provoking agents/majority of the women that had become depressed suffered from adverse life events or serious difficulty in comparison to 30% of women who did not become depressed suffered from such adversity

20
Q

Strengths of Brown & Harris

sociocultural etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a sociocultural approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

Large sample/focused on the role of life events

21
Q

Limiations of Brown & Harris

sociocultural etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a sociocultural approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

correlational research/self-report

22
Q

Aim of Parker

sociocultural etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a sociocultural approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

determine the extent to which symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder differed between Chinese and Australian patients.

23
Q

Sample of Parker

sociocultural etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a sociocultural approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

50 Malaysian participants of Chinese heritage and 50 Australian participants of Caucasian, or Western heritage/out-patients who had been diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder, but who did not have other diagnoses as well

24
Q

Procedure of Parker pt. 1

sociocultural etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a sociocultural approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

The questionnaire was based on two sets of symptoms. First, a set of mood and cognitive items common in Western diagnostic tools for depression. Secondly, a set of somatic symptoms is commonly observed by Singaporean psychiatrists. The questionnaire was translated into Malay and Mandarin Chinese. It was back-translated to establish credibility.

25
Q

Procedure of Parker pt. 2

sociocultural etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a sociocultural approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

Patients had to judge the extent to which they experienced each of the 39 symptoms/rank the symptoms in order of how distressing they were

26
Q

Findings of Parker

sociocultural etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a sociocultural approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

Chinese participants were significantly less likely to identify cognitive or emotional symptoms as part of their problem. They were less likely to rate feeling helpless and hopeless,

27
Q

Strengths of Parker

sociocultural etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a sociocultural approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

used back translating and culturally relevant questionaires/explained cultural differences in diagnosis and disorder presentation

28
Q

Limitations of Parker

sociocultural etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a sociocultural approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

Usage of DSM/effect of globalization on Mala group/role of memory distortion

29
Q

Aim of Kendler

biological etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a biological approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

to see if MDD can be genetically inherited through a twin study

30
Q

Sample of Kendler

biological etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a biological approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

15,493 complete Swedish zygotic twin pairs

31
Q

Procedure of Kendler

biological etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a biological approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

Used telephone interview to assess MDD with DSM/asked questions about the twin’s “shared environment”

32
Q

Findings of Kendler

biological etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a biological approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

heritability of major depression was significantly higher in women than men/the correlations were significantly higher in monozygotic than in dizygotic twins./no significant differences seen in the roles of genetic and environmental factors in major depression in the three cohorts spanning birth years

33
Q

Aim of Caspi

biological etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a biological approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

determine whether there is evidence for a gene-environment interaction (G x E) for a mutation of the serotonin transporter gene - 5-HTT.

34
Q

Sample of Caspi

biological etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a biological approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

847 New Zealand. All were members of a cohort that had been assessed for mental health on an every-other-year basis until they were 21. They were divided into three groups based on their 5-HTT alleles: Group 1 had two short alleles; Group 2 had one short and one long allele; Group 3 had two long alleles.

35
Q

Procedure of Caspi

biological etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a biological approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

The participants were asked to fill in a “Stressful life events” questionnaire which asked them about the frequency of 14 different events - including financial, employment, health and relationship stressors - between the ages of 21 and 26. They were also assessed for depression.

36
Q

Findings of Caspi

biological etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a biological approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

People who had inherited one or more short versions of the allele demonstrated more symptoms of depression and suicidal ideation in response to stressful life events.

37
Q

Strengths of Caspi

biological etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a biological approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A
38
Q

Limitations of Caspi

biological etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a biological approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A
39
Q

Strengths of Kendler

biological etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a biological approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A
40
Q

biological etiology

Discuss/Evaluate a biological approach to explaining the etiology of one disorder.

A

SL Psych (2 decks)

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