erosion + oceans

Question 1

what is hard engineering?

Answer 1

this involves building structures to protect the coast: they tend to be expensive

Question 2

what is soft engineering?

Answer 2

this involves working with natural materials to protect the coast or allowing nature to take the coast

Question 3

What is erosion?

Answer 3

the process by which the coastline gets worn away and moved elsewhere

Question 4

What is hydraulic action?

Answer 4

The power of waves force air and water into the cracks of rocks. this pressure forces fractures in rock to split apart.

Question 5

What is Abrasion?

Answer 5

The waves pick up rocks from the sea bed and throws them against the cliffs. This acts like sandpaper and smoothes the rocks

Question 6

What is Attrition?

Answer 6

The sea picks up angular rocks and knocks them into each other . This chips away the corners to make them rounder

Question 7

Solution

Answer 7

Salts or chemicals in the water act to dissolve the rocks, for example limestone is dissolved by the sea salt

Question 8

What are destructive waves?

Answer 8

Destructive waves are waves that have high frequency, a stronger backwash than swash and cause most of the erosion on coastlines

Question 9

What are constructive waves?

Answer 9

constructive waves are low energy waves with a stronger swash then backwash

Question 10

Describe the process of longshore drift:

Answer 10

1) The prevailing wind pushes the wave up the beach, picking up loose material in the swash

2) The backwash drags the material back down the beach with gravity

3) the process continues to move debris down the beach

Question 11

What factors are damaging our oceans?

Answer 11

• overfishing
• plastic pollution
• tourism
• climate change

Question 12

what is a bay?

Answer 12

a smooth coast between two headlands

Question 13

what does fetch mean?

Answer 13

It is the length of water a wave travels over

Question 14

what is a headland?

Answer 14

land that juts into the sea

Question 15

what is an arch?

Answer 15

A curved structure left standing when the sea erodes a cave away

Question 16

What is a stack?

Answer 16

A pillar of rock left standing in the sea when the top of an arch collapses

Question 17

What is a stump?

Answer 17

the remains of an eroded stack

Question 18

What does storm surge mean?

Answer 18

A rise in sea levels caused by a storm

Question 19

What are groynes?

Answer 19

barriers of wood or stone on beaches that stop sand from being washed away

Question 20

How do waves form?

Answer 20

when wind blows over the surface of the sea, friction is created, causing a swell in the ocean

Question 21

What are advantages of groynes?

Answer 21

• the beach is still accessible
• makes the beach wider for tourist

Question 22

What is a sea wall?

Answer 22

Concrete walls that break up the energies of waves

Question 23

What are some advantages of sea walls?

Answer 23

• long life span
• prevents flooding
• provides a promenade

Question 24

What is an example of soft engineering?

Answer 24

• beach nourishment ( beaches built up with sand so the waves have to travel further before eroding cliffs )

Question 25

Are sea walls and groynes examples of hard or soft engineering?

Answer 25

hard

Question 26

What are some disadvantages of sea walls?

Answer 26

• expensive
• looks ugly
• curved shape encourages erosion of beach deposits

Question 27

What are some disadvantages of groynes?

Answer 27

• no deposition further down the beach which makes it erode faster

Question 28

What are some disadvantages of beach nourishment?

Answer 28

• storms = needs replacing
• can damage the seabed

Question 29

How can tourism positively and negatively affect coastal areas?

Answer 29

Positive:

• the economy is boosted which means more money can be invested into the coasts
• provides jobs for locals such as fishermen, beach cleaners etc.

Negatives:

• many tourists litter on beaches and their suncream can go into the ocean and harm coral reefs or fish
• hotels and resorts can ruin the views on beaches
• renting out of jet skis is noisy and causes pollution

Question 30

How is climate change affecting the UK?

Answer 30

• sea levels are rising due to more storms
• more storms, larger waves and rising sea levels mean that erosion increases and can affect coastal communities
• rising sea temperatures mean that fish’s patterns can change, impacting the fishing industry
• warmer temperatures increase tourism

Question 31

Why are coral reefs important?

Answer 31

• they provide shelter and food for almost 1 milion sea creatures
• they help protect coastlines from waves and storm surges
• they produce close to 50% of the world’s oxygen
• bring in a lot of tourism, which boosts the economy

Question 32

Why is overfishing so damaging?

Answer 32

• Because too many fish are being caught, their population is quickly depleting, impacting the fishing industry and increasing rates of unemployment
• animals like dolphins and turtles are being accidentally caught in the nets