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Geography revision > erosion + oceans > Flashcards

erosion + oceans Flashcards

1
Q

what is hard engineering?

A

this involves building structures to protect the coast: they tend to be expensive

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2
Q

what is soft engineering?

A

this involves working with natural materials to protect the coast or allowing nature to take the coast

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3
Q

What is erosion?

A

the process by which the coastline gets worn away and moved elsewhere

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4
Q

What is hydraulic action?

A

The power of waves force air and water into the cracks of rocks. this pressure forces fractures in rock to split apart.

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5
Q

What is Abrasion?

A

The waves pick up rocks from the sea bed and throws them against the cliffs. This acts like sandpaper and smoothes the rocks

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6
Q

What is Attrition?

A

The sea picks up angular rocks and knocks them into each other . This chips away the corners to make them rounder

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7
Q

Solution

A

Salts or chemicals in the water act to dissolve the rocks, for example limestone is dissolved by the sea salt

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8
Q

What are destructive waves?

A

Destructive waves are waves that have high frequency, a stronger backwash than swash and cause most of the erosion on coastlines

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9
Q

What are constructive waves?

A

constructive waves are low energy waves with a stronger swash then backwash

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10
Q

Describe the process of longshore drift:

A

1) The prevailing wind pushes the wave up the beach, picking up loose material in the swash

2) The backwash drags the material back down the beach with gravity

3) the process continues to move debris down the beach

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11
Q

What factors are damaging our oceans?

A
  • overfishing
  • plastic pollution
  • tourism
  • climate change
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12
Q

what is a bay?

A

a smooth coast between two headlands

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13
Q

what does fetch mean?

A

It is the length of water a wave travels over

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14
Q

what is a headland?

A

land that juts into the sea

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15
Q

what is an arch?

A

A curved structure left standing when the sea erodes a cave away

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16
Q

What is a stack?

A

A pillar of rock left standing in the sea when the top of an arch collapses

17
Q

What is a stump?

A

the remains of an eroded stack

18
Q

What does storm surge mean?

A

A rise in sea levels caused by a storm

19
Q

What are groynes?

A

barriers of wood or stone on beaches that stop sand from being washed away

20
Q

How do waves form?

A

when wind blows over the surface of the sea, friction is created, causing a swell in the ocean

21
Q

What are advantages of groynes?

A
  • the beach is still accessible
  • makes the beach wider for tourist
22
Q

What is a sea wall?

A

Concrete walls that break up the energies of waves

23
Q

What are some advantages of sea walls?

A
  • long life span
  • prevents flooding
  • provides a promenade
24
Q

What is an example of soft engineering?

A
  • beach nourishment ( beaches built up with sand so the waves have to travel further before eroding cliffs )
25
Q

Are sea walls and groynes examples of hard or soft engineering?

A

hard

26
Q

What are some disadvantages of sea walls?

A
  • expensive
  • looks ugly
  • curved shape encourages erosion of beach deposits
27
Q

What are some disadvantages of groynes?

A
  • no deposition further down the beach which makes it erode faster
28
Q

What are some disadvantages of beach nourishment?

A
  • storms = needs replacing
  • can damage the seabed
29
Q

How can tourism positively and negatively affect coastal areas?

A

Positive:

  • the economy is boosted which means more money can be invested into the coasts
  • provides jobs for locals such as fishermen, beach cleaners etc.

Negatives:

  • many tourists litter on beaches and their suncream can go into the ocean and harm coral reefs or fish
  • hotels and resorts can ruin the views on beaches
  • renting out of jet skis is noisy and causes pollution
30
Q

How is climate change affecting the UK?

A
  • sea levels are rising due to more storms
  • more storms, larger waves and rising sea levels mean that erosion increases and can affect coastal communities
  • rising sea temperatures mean that fish’s patterns can change, impacting the fishing industry
  • warmer temperatures increase tourism
31
Q

Why are coral reefs important?

A
  • they provide shelter and food for almost 1 milion sea creatures
  • they help protect coastlines from waves and storm surges
  • they produce close to 50% of the world’s oxygen
  • bring in a lot of tourism, which boosts the economy
32
Q

Why is overfishing so damaging?

A
  • Because too many fish are being caught, their population is quickly depleting, impacting the fishing industry and increasing rates of unemployment
  • animals like dolphins and turtles are being accidentally caught in the nets

Geography revision (4 decks)

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