Erin Lovejoy Flashcards
Test 1
Doxa
Dominant Belief
Orthodoxy
Shared/ Common belief, limited change
Liberal Arts (Trivium)
Grammar, Logic, and Rhetoric
Praxis
Involves knowledge of the subject matter, knowledge of the human psyche, and a political awareness within the constraints of materially determined conditions
Putting theory into action
“Will to liberation”
The humanistic act of breaking down normative beliefs and values that deprive us of our potential to grow as individuals and as a society
There is no reality so reified, no system of thought so impenetrable, no political regime so enriched that it cannot be overcome by the human will to freedom, the will to overcome ones self and the limitations of one’s society
Creative Democracy
One in which diversity of ideas and meaningful participation of all groups in forming civic and political life is understood as an essential aspect
Guardianship theory of democracy (epistemarchy)
Knowledge and what is good, “right,” and “just” are accessible only by certain groups and not others
This vision requires a communication of hope and resistance to dominating and oppressing ideologies and practices, including those embedded in commercial messages
Cosmopolitanism
An escape “from the comfort of local truths, from the warm nestling feeling of patriotism, from the absorbing drama of pride in oneself and one’s own
Study of Persuasion serves for citizens in a free society- Swartz
1. Instrumental Value
It helps us to become more effective co-creators of our lives. Persuasion is the way social creation occurs and the way things get done
Study of Persuasion serves for citizens in a free society- Swartz
2. Knowledge and Information
Function as those creations become codified and incorporated into human practice
Study of Persuasion serves for citizens in a free society- Swartz
3. Control
As we come to define the world we place a sense of order upon it. Such order is the mechanism by which control is conceptualized
Study of Persuasion serves for citizens in a free society- Swartz
4. Defense
Defense (or reform/ change) function or debunking function. With this function, persuasion circles back on itself; its creation can always be questioned, allowing the process of signification to begin anew
Epistemology
The study of knowing; it is the attempt by philosophers to address the question of how is it that we know.
Corax Definition of Rhetoric
Defines the rhetor as an “artificer or producer of persuasion”
Aristotle Definition of Rhetoric
The faculty of discovering all of the available means of persuasion in a given instance
Plato definition of Rhetoric
“Art of flattery,” which he adds, is no art at all
Quintilian definition of rhetoric
“The good man speaking well”
Burke definition of rhetoric
“The use of language as a symbolic means of inducing cooperation in beings that by nature respond to symbols” (Emphasizes “identification” as the key term for rhetoric)
Richards definition of rhetoric
“The art by which discourse is adapted to its ends” The study of rhetoric is a “study of misunderstanding and its remedies”
Bryant definition of Rhetoric
Rhetoric has the “function of adjusting ideas to people and people to ideas.”
John Dewey’s view of “critical consciousness” and its relationship between “liberation and deliberation”
Liberation is the self realization of a person developed through the process of contributing to a common good
Peoples self realization could be achieved through the process of mutual inquiry, communication, and the moral development that accompanies such communion with others
We should seek liberation from the limitations of a limited world view
Public Amnesia
Events and actions once part of public discourse that, while bearing on a contemporary crisis, are not recalled
Theory of repeated exposure
The more we experience things in our environment, the more natural they become
Naturalization
When people talk about things long enough they assume they always existed
John Dewey’s view of “critical consciousness” and its relationship between “liberation and deliberation”
Liberation is the self realization of a person developed through the process of contributing to a common good
Peoples self realization could be achieved through the process of mutual inquiry, communication, and the moral development that accompanies such communion with others
We should seek liberation from the limitations of a limited world view
Greenwashing
Disinformation disseminated by an organization so as to present an environmentally responsible public image
Food Stylists
Professional artists who express themselves commercially using food as their medium of expression
Epideictic Discourse
Discourse that attempts to reinforce common values in a community
Aristotle says that rhetoric is amoral
Persuasion is neither good or bad. It is simply the way that people work in the world
Open Societys
Those that allow decent/ opposing truth
Government is expected to be responsive and tolerant
Closed Societys
Authoritarian/ univocability
Closed system of law/ religion
Open and Closed Societys
Relevant characteristics as opposed to authoritarianism
Symbol
A representation of an object, word, idea, etc. that is not the word itself
Words have multiple meanings that can effect a persuasive argument
Proper Meaning Superstition
A false belief about words
Every word has one true meaning or definition- IA Richards
Liberal Arts
Academic disciplines that inclue the sciences and the humanities.
Trivium (Liberal Arts)
Grammar, Logic, and Rhetoric
Creative Democracy
One in which diversity of ideas and meaningful participation of all groups in forming civic and political life is understood as an essential aspect
Doxa
Dominant Belief
Orthodoxy
Shared/ common belief- limited change
Praxis
Involves knowledge of the subject matter, knowledge of the human psyche, and a political awareness within the constraints of materially determined conditions
“Power” in Athenian democracy
Trained in the art of persuasion
Telos
The ends in which something strives, its locomotion
Values
Fundamental and deeply rooted beliefs that we have regarding ideal states of existence and ways of acting that motivate us ti think
Attitude
“A learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to an object
Instrumental values
Traits of our character that help us achieve those conditions
EX: Ambition, imagination, reasonability, and self control
Terminal values
EX: Comfort, security, and freedom
End states we hope to achieve in our lives
Co-active Persuasion
Efforts of communication that emphasizes similarities of between the persuader and persuadee
Persuasion
Communicative effort that can exist, theoretically, in a paradigm state
Persuasion- Suasory Discourse
An attempt by a person to encourage another to move, cognitively and freely, from one mental position, to a different one, so as to affect, ultimately, that persons behavior
Three Types of Persuasive Messages
1. Interpersonal
Involves at least 2 persons in the interaction, but can involve many others
Three Types of Persuasive
2. Public
Here we reveal ourselves. Our thoughts and feelings become more pronounced and clear. Our subjectivities start to become animated
Three Types of Persuasive
3. Mass
Self disclosure is always an invitation for the audience to let down its guard, and thus must be undertaken responsibly by the ethical persuader
Saliency
Messages from relational partners, people we know and trust are more important and have a sense of urgency than do persuasive messages embedded in ads, commercials, political rhetoric, and sales presentations
Listening Skill Clusters
1. Attending Skills
Posturing of the persuaders body so that it is physically coordinated with the body of the audience
Listening Skill Clusters
2. Following Skills
Ways that the audience has of encouraging certain types of behaviors from the speaker or communicator
Listening Skill Clusters
3. Reflecting Skills
Necessary for the communication dialectic and for responsible persuasion, involve paraphrasing, statements reciprocating emotional commitment and commitment to the “meaning” being constructed
Agenda Setting
The press and the media do not reflect the world as we find it, as does a mirror; rather, the media filters and shapes it
Asch’s Study on Perception
Conducted “vision tests” and showed a room full of people a series of lines on a board. Were told to match between the ones on the board and a second one. All of the people except one were working for Asch.
Aschs Reactions
Distortion of Perception
A few subjects who yielded to the distorted views of the group but were not aware that they had done so rather “they came to perceive the majority estimates as correct.”
Aschs Reactions
Distortion of Judgement
These subjects suffer from primary doubt and lack of confidence; on the basis they feel a strong tendency to join the majority
Aschs Reactions
Distortion of Action
Yield because of an overmastering need not to appear different from or inferior to others, because of an inability tolerate the appearance of defectiveness in the eyes of the group
Cooperative Competition
An oxymoron that discusses how people have similar goals. But compete in order to achieve it, such as venting
Edward Bernays
Early public relations pioneer, believed in “enlightened social manipulation”
The critical imagination involves creating our place in response to theirs; our space for constructing a fair and just world out of poverty and degradation that power alien to us has created
Dialectic
The art of investigating or discussing the truth of opinions
