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PHYL2730 > Ergogenic Aids in Sport > Flashcards

Ergogenic Aids in Sport Flashcards

1
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

– Placebo: inactive substance that looks like the real
thing
– Expectations affect physiological response
– Double-blind experimental design

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2
Q

Factors that can limit ergogenic aid research?

A 
– Studies can miss small effects
– Equipment inaccuracy
– Research variability
– Testing situations (lab vs. field)
– Reliance on supplement label that is inaccurate
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3
Q

What are the effects of bicarbonate?

A

– Increased blood pH and buffering capacity

– Delayed onset of anaerobic fatigue

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4
Q

What are the demonstrated effects of bicarbonate?

A

– 300 mg / kg increased all-out performance for 1 to 7 min

– Enhanced H+ removal from muscle fibers

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5
Q

What are some risks of utilising bicarbonate?

A

– GI discomfort (bloating, cramping)

– Sodium citrate - similar results without risks

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6
Q

What are the proposed benefits of b-Alanine?

A

– Increased intracellular buffering

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7
Q

What are the effects of b-Alanine?

A

– Increased muscle cell carnosine levels

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8
Q

What are the risks of utilising b-Alanine?

A

– Paresthesia (tingling of the skin)

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9
Q

What is caffeine?

A

– Central nervous system stimulant
– Sympathomimetic effects similar to amphetamines
(but weaker)

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10
Q

What are some proposed benefits of caffeine?

A

– Increased alertness and concentration
– Improved energy level
– Faster response

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11
Q

What are the demonstrated effects of caffeine?

A

– Elevated mood
– Decreased fatigue
– Lowered perception of effort
– Increased fat metabolism

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12
Q

What are some risks associated with consuming caffeine?

A

– Nervousness, tremors
– Insomnia, disruption of normal sleep patterns
– Addictive

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13
Q

What are some proposed benefits of cherry juice polyphenols?

A

– Pain reduction from anti-inflammatory and

antioxidant properties

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14
Q

What are the demonstrated effects of cherry juice polyphenols?

A

– Perceived reduction of muscle pain in research

subjects

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15
Q

What are the proposed benefits of creatine?

A

– Enhanced peak power production during intense
exercise
– Improved recovery from high-intensity exercise

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16
Q

What are the demonstrated effects of creatine?

A

– Increased muscle PCr content
– Enhanced performance in high-power exercise
– Strength gains when combined with resistance
training

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17
Q

What are the risks of creatine supplementation?

A

– Kidney damage in athletes who used massive doses

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18
Q

Does creatine improve performance?

A

– Expectations exceed true benefits
– Performance enhancement more likely in sports
involving brief, high-intensity exercise
– Individual variability in response

19
Q

What are the proposed benefits of nitrate?

A

– Increased delivery of O2 and nutrients to active

skeletal muscle

20
Q

What are the demonstrated effects of nitrate?

A

– Improved time to exhaustion
– Reduced O2 consumption
– Reduced systolic blood pressure

21
Q

What are some risks of consuming nitrate?

A

– Adverse effects in people taking medications that

affect NO metabolism

22
Q

What are the three rules that classify substance use?

A

– Has the potential to enhance sport performance
– Has the potential to harm the athlete
– Violates the spirit of sport

23
Q

How can supplements be contaminated?

A

• Purity
– Supplement labels may be inaccurate
– Accidental or purposeful contamination
– Athletes using supplements risking penalties for
banned substances
• Potency
– May contain negligible values of the desired
substance
– Some products contain %150 ≤ of dose listed on
label

24
Q

What are stimulants?

A

– Include amphetamines and related compounds

– Also known as sympathomimetic amines

25
Q

What are the proposed benefits of stimulants?

A 
– Suppress appetite, boost metabolism
– Combat fatigue
– Heighten concentration and alertness
– Induce sense of indestructibility
– Improve performance
26
Q

What are the demonstrated effects of stimulants?

A

– Higher state of arousal - increased energy, self confidence, faster decision making
– Decreased fatigue
– Increased HR, blood pressure, blood flow, blood
glucose, and FFAs

27
Q

What are the risks associated with stimulants?

A

– Death
– Cardiac arrhythmia
– Addiction (psychological, physiological)
– Side effects: nervousness, anxiety, aggression,
insomnia

28
Q

What are the proposed benefits of anabolic steroids?

A

– Increased muscle mass and strength
– Reduced fat mass
– Facilitate recovery after exhaustive exercise

29
Q

What are the demonstrated effects of anabolic steroids?

A

– Increased body mass and fat-free mass (FFM)
– Increased total body potassium and nitrogen (FFM
markers)
– Increased muscle size and strength
– Decreased muscle fiber damage after exhaustive
lifting

30
Q

What is the dose threshold for anabolic steroid effects?

A

– Small doses ineffective

– Large, chronic doses very effective

31
Q

What are the risks associated with anabolic steroids?

A

– Children: smaller adult stature
– Men: excess estrogen (breast enlargement),
testicular atrophy, reduced sperm count, impotence
– Women: disrupted menstruation/ovulation,
development of masculine sex characteristics
– Cancer (prostrate, liver)
– Cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy, heart attack
– Thrombosis, arrhythmia, hypertension
– Decreased HDL, increased LDL
– Personality changes: aggression, violence

32
Q

What are the proposed benefits of human growth hormone?

A

– Stimulation of protein, nucleic acid synthesis
– Stimulation of bone growth (young athletes)
– Stimulation of IGF-1 synthesis
– Increase in FFA mobilization, decreased fat mass
– Increase in blood glucose levels
– Enhanced healing after injury

33
Q

What are the demonstrated effects of human growth hormone?

A

– Older men: increased FFM and bone density,

decreased fat mass

34
Q

What are the risks associated with human growth hormone?

A 
– Acromegaly - skin thickening; soft tissue growth;
broadening of face, hands, feet
– Enlargement of internal organs
– Cardiomyopathy
– Hypertension
– Glucose intolerance/diabetes
35
Q

What are the proposed benefits of diuretics?

A

– Temporary weight reduction

– Dilution of banned substances in urine samples

36
Q

What are the demonstrated effects of diuretics?

A

– Significant temporary weight loss

– Dehydration

37
Q

What are the risks associated with diuretics?

A

– Impaired thermoregulation
– Electrolyte imbalance - fatigue, muscle cramping,
cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac arrest

38
Q

What are the proposed benefits of beta-blockers?

A

– Enhanced physical steadiness

– For shooters, more time to aim between heartbeats

39
Q

What are the demonstrated effects of beta-blockers?

A

– Decreased resting, submaximal, and maximal HR

40
Q

What are the risks associated with beta-blockers?

A

– Light-headedness from low blood pressure
– Fatigue, impaired performance
– Bronchospasm in asthmatics
– Hypoglycemia in type II diabetics

41
Q

What is blood doping?

A 
• Blood doping is any means by which red
blood cell count increases
– Transfusion of red blood cells
– Infusions of artificial hemoglobin
– Use of erythropoietin (EPO) or EPO-stimulating
substances
42
Q

What are the proposed benefits of blood doping?

A

– Enhanced oxygen-carrying capacity

– Improved endurance performance

43
Q

What are the demonstrated effects of blood doping?

A

– Increased V•O2max (long term)
– Enhanced endurance performance (short term)
– Benefit more evident in second half of race

44
Q

What are the risks associated with blood doping?

A

– Blood becomes too viscous - excessive clotting,
heart failure
– Blood matching complications
– Exposure to bloodborne diseases

PHYL2730 (6 decks)

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