Ergogenic Aids Flashcards
Ergogenic Aid
-substance or phenomenon that can enhance work or athletic performance
Ergolytic
-able to impair work or performance
Placebo Effect
- An effect that is based on the power of suggestion
- Due to an individual believing that it will work
- 45% of internists report prescribing placebos
Origin of Drug testing
- knud Enemark Jensen died during a 100km
- due to amphetamines
WADA
-World anti-doping agency
criteria for banning
- proven to be performance enhancing
- goes against the spirit of the sport
- dangerous to the health of athletes
Test procedures
- urine and blood test
- sample kept for 8 yrs
- out of competition testing may occur w/ or w/o notice
- discipline for refusal of testing
WADA prohibited list
- anabolic agents (steroids)
- peptide hormones, growth factors, related substances
- beta-2 agonists
- hormone and metabolic modulators
- diuretics and other masking agents
WADA prohibited methods
- enhancement of oxygen methods
- chemical and physical manipulation
- gene doping
WADA during competition ban list
- stimulants
- narcotics
- cannabinoids
- glucocorticosteroids
Alcohol banned from
-aeronautics
-archery
-automobile
-karate
-motorcycling
-powerboating
lowers heart rate and improves shooting sports
Beta blockers
-banned from shooting sports (archery and shooting)
Anabolic Agents
- Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS)
- clenbuterol
- builds muscle mass (enhances growth of tissues bone & muscle)
- increase FFM, strength
- reduced fat mass
- facilitate recovery after exhaustive exercise
- increased potassium and nitrogen
- leads to male expression (deep voice, bald,etc
- synthetic form of testosterone
- minimizes androgenic effects
steroid hormones
- directly affect nucleus
- lead to protein synthesis
- very potent
- small doses ineffective but large very effective
Dose relationship
- does threshold is higher than in clinical doses
- after threshold highly effective
AAS vs testosterone
-AAS easy to test
-testosterone more difficult b/c it is made by the body
4-1 ratio= positive test (deemed unnatural)
Aerobic athletes & AAS
- proven to increase red blood cell production and total blood volume
- increased O2 delivery to muscles
Concerns of AAS
- Moral and ethical concerns
- fair competition
- sexual risks (early growth stoppage, suppression of normal hormones (teste abnormalities) (excess of etrogen, boobs)
- women: disrupted mestruation or ovulation, male characteristics
AAS concerns cont.
- cancer risks: liver and prostate
- cardio risks: cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy, hear attacks, thrombosis, arrhythmia, hypertension
- decreased HDL, increased LDL
- HDL can become non existent
- steroids take years off of the end of your life
AAS concerns cont.
- emotional and psychological risks (increased aggression, violence, drug dependence)
- increase birth defects
- hepatitis, and HIV contraction
Mark McGwire
- used androstenedione
- promotes testosterone production
- no significant strength gains but may increase estrogen
Clenbuterol
- bronchodilator (beta 2 agonist)
- stimulant
- banned in US but prescribed for asthma in europe
- stimulates metabolism decrease body fat
- has anabolic properties
- decreases smooth muscle activation and opens airways
Peptide hormones, growth factors, related substances
- EPO-erythropoiesis (stimulating agent) most popular
- CERA- continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (same as EPO but lasts longer)
- Chorionic Gonadotropin (hcg)
- growth hormone
Peptide hormones
- bind w/ receptors
- does not directly interact w/ nucleus
EPO benefits
- slightly different from blood doping
- natural kidney hormone
- stimulates RBC production
- increases hematocrit
- increases oxygen carrying capacity
- increase hemoglobin and VO2max
- increases time to exhaustion
EPO risks
- dangerous increase in blood viscosity
- blood clots, heart attack, heart failure, stroke
- pulmonary embolism, hypertension
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HcG)
- stimulates restoration of size and production of the testes
- only used if you have been using AAS or testosterone
Human Growth Hormone benefits
- stimulates protein nucleic acid sythesis
- stimulates bone growth (young athletes)
- stimulates IGF-1 synthesis (increases muscle mass)
- mobilizes FFA’s and decreases fat mass
- increases blood glucose levels
- no androgenic or psychological effects
- young athletes no anabolic effects
- older men:increase FFM & bone density
HGH risks
- acromegaly (enlarged brow, jaw, feet, hands, torso)
- cardiomyopathy, hypertension
- glucose intolerance/diabetes
Beta-2 Agonists
- adrenergic receptor agonist (catacholimine receptor)
- improves the receptors
- relaxes smooth muscle in lungs (asthma treatment)
- large doses may stimulate increase in muscle mass
Hormone and Metabolic Modulators
- anti-estrogen prevents conversion of testosterone to estrogen (masks drug use)
- myostatin inhibitors increase muscle mass
Myostatin
- protein in muscle that regulates size of muscle
- no myostatin will lead to increased muscle mass
masking agents
- diuretics increase urine production and excretion
- used for weight reduction and masking other drugs
- causes weight loss
- can lead to dehydration, impaired thermoregulation, and electrolyte imbalances
Oxygen transfer enhancements
- blood doping
- increases total volume of red blood cells via transfusion
- improves endurance performance by increasing O2 carrying capactiy
- increases VO2 max and time to exhaustion
- can cause blood clotting, heart failure, transfusion complications
- short and long distance performance enhanced
manipulation of drug testing
-blood transfusions, urinating w/ catheter
Gene Doping
- banned in advance
- still in experimental phases
- long term effects are unknown
Stimulants
- mimic catacholamines
- caffeine, cocaine, methanphedamines
- increase mental alertness, bp, hr, blood glucose, and muscle tension
- decrease sense of fatigue
- redistribute blood to muscles
- enhance, speed, power, endurance, concentration, and fine motor coord.
- may be addictive and cause cardiac arr. or death
narcotics
- morphine, codeine
- mask pain
- may lead to greater injury
WEED
- cannabis, hashish, marijuana
- not performance enhancing but damages image of sport
- contraversial
glucocorticosteroids
- ainti inflammatory durgs
- used to treat asthma
- produces a feeling of euphoria unfair advantage
- athletes to mask pain felt from injury and illness
Alcohol
- alcohol is a depressant
- performance enhancing for shooting sports
beta blockers
- prevent norepinephrine from binding
- improves accuracy for shooting
- not used for athletic sports
NCAA
- doesn’t ban alcohol
- bans caffeine
NFL
Does not test for HGH
NBA
drug abuse, steroids, etc
MLB
drug abuse (cocaine), steroids, and stimulants
Creatine benefits
- stores energy and increases regeneration of ATP
- enhances energy transfer from mitochondria to muscle fiber
- helps buffer H+
- stimulates glycogen breakdown
- increases muscle size
creatine cont.
- benefits depend on initial fitness levels
- increase strength and power
- increase body weight and lean body mass
- increase sprint performance
Creatine misc. benefits
- 3 day supplementation increases volume and performance
- good for weightlifters and athletes with explosive short bursts
- improves working memory and intelligence
- side effect is weight gain
Creatine use
- do not load
- cycle period of use with periods of non use
- bad quality control may not contain the same amount of creatine as said
BCAA’s
- branch chain amino acids
- leucine, isoleucine, valine
- reduces muscle breakdown
- in dairy. meat and eggs
- 10 to 15g per day for 30 days led to increased lean muscle mass gain
Caffeine
- bitter white alkaloid from tea or coffee
- promotes lipolysis, stimulates CNS,
- banned from NCAA
Pre workout nutrition
- 6g of EAA’s + small amount of carbs helps prevent breakdown of muscle protein by 160%
- decreases protein degradation
- increases protein synthesis
- increases glycogen regeneration
Postworkout nutrition
carbs to protein ratio 4:1 to 1:1
- may add 3-5g of creatine
- may add 5-10g of bcaa’s
