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Musculoskeletal intervention > Ergogenic Aids > Flashcards

Ergogenic Aids Flashcards

1
Q

Ergogenic Aid

A

-substance or phenomenon that can enhance work or athletic performance

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2
Q

Ergolytic

A

-able to impair work or performance

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3
Q

Placebo Effect

A
  • An effect that is based on the power of suggestion
  • Due to an individual believing that it will work
  • 45% of internists report prescribing placebos
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4
Q

Origin of Drug testing

A
  • knud Enemark Jensen died during a 100km

- due to amphetamines

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5
Q

WADA

A

-World anti-doping agency

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6
Q

criteria for banning

A
  • proven to be performance enhancing
  • goes against the spirit of the sport
  • dangerous to the health of athletes
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7
Q

Test procedures

A
  • urine and blood test
  • sample kept for 8 yrs
  • out of competition testing may occur w/ or w/o notice
  • discipline for refusal of testing
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8
Q

WADA prohibited list

A
  • anabolic agents (steroids)
  • peptide hormones, growth factors, related substances
  • beta-2 agonists
  • hormone and metabolic modulators
  • diuretics and other masking agents
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9
Q

WADA prohibited methods

A
  • enhancement of oxygen methods
  • chemical and physical manipulation
  • gene doping
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10
Q

WADA during competition ban list

A
  • stimulants
  • narcotics
  • cannabinoids
  • glucocorticosteroids
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11
Q

Alcohol banned from

A

-aeronautics
-archery
-automobile
-karate
-motorcycling
-powerboating
lowers heart rate and improves shooting sports

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12
Q

Beta blockers

A

-banned from shooting sports (archery and shooting)

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13
Q

Anabolic Agents

A
  • Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS)
  • clenbuterol
  • builds muscle mass (enhances growth of tissues bone & muscle)
  • increase FFM, strength
  • reduced fat mass
  • facilitate recovery after exhaustive exercise
  • increased potassium and nitrogen
  • leads to male expression (deep voice, bald,etc
  • synthetic form of testosterone
  • minimizes androgenic effects
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14
Q

steroid hormones

A
  • directly affect nucleus
  • lead to protein synthesis
  • very potent
  • small doses ineffective but large very effective
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15
Q

Dose relationship

A
  • does threshold is higher than in clinical doses

- after threshold highly effective

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16
Q

AAS vs testosterone

A

-AAS easy to test
-testosterone more difficult b/c it is made by the body
4-1 ratio= positive test (deemed unnatural)

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17
Q

Aerobic athletes & AAS

A
  • proven to increase red blood cell production and total blood volume
  • increased O2 delivery to muscles
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18
Q

Concerns of AAS

A
  • Moral and ethical concerns
  • fair competition
  • sexual risks (early growth stoppage, suppression of normal hormones (teste abnormalities) (excess of etrogen, boobs)
  • women: disrupted mestruation or ovulation, male characteristics
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19
Q

AAS concerns cont.

A
  • cancer risks: liver and prostate
  • cardio risks: cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy, hear attacks, thrombosis, arrhythmia, hypertension
  • decreased HDL, increased LDL
  • HDL can become non existent
  • steroids take years off of the end of your life
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20
Q

AAS concerns cont.

A
  • emotional and psychological risks (increased aggression, violence, drug dependence)
  • increase birth defects
  • hepatitis, and HIV contraction
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21
Q

Mark McGwire

A
  • used androstenedione
  • promotes testosterone production
  • no significant strength gains but may increase estrogen
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22
Q

Clenbuterol

A
  • bronchodilator (beta 2 agonist)
  • stimulant
  • banned in US but prescribed for asthma in europe
  • stimulates metabolism decrease body fat
  • has anabolic properties
  • decreases smooth muscle activation and opens airways
23
Q

Peptide hormones, growth factors, related substances

A
  • EPO-erythropoiesis (stimulating agent) most popular
  • CERA- continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (same as EPO but lasts longer)
  • Chorionic Gonadotropin (hcg)
  • growth hormone
24
Q

Peptide hormones

A
  • bind w/ receptors

- does not directly interact w/ nucleus

25
Q

EPO benefits

A
  • slightly different from blood doping
  • natural kidney hormone
  • stimulates RBC production
  • increases hematocrit
  • increases oxygen carrying capacity
  • increase hemoglobin and VO2max
  • increases time to exhaustion
26
Q

EPO risks

A
  • dangerous increase in blood viscosity
  • blood clots, heart attack, heart failure, stroke
  • pulmonary embolism, hypertension
27
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HcG)

A
  • stimulates restoration of size and production of the testes
  • only used if you have been using AAS or testosterone
28
Q

Human Growth Hormone benefits

A
  • stimulates protein nucleic acid sythesis
  • stimulates bone growth (young athletes)
  • stimulates IGF-1 synthesis (increases muscle mass)
  • mobilizes FFA’s and decreases fat mass
  • increases blood glucose levels
  • no androgenic or psychological effects
  • young athletes no anabolic effects
  • older men:increase FFM & bone density
29
Q

HGH risks

A
  • acromegaly (enlarged brow, jaw, feet, hands, torso)
  • cardiomyopathy, hypertension
  • glucose intolerance/diabetes
30
Q

Beta-2 Agonists

A
  • adrenergic receptor agonist (catacholimine receptor)
  • improves the receptors
  • relaxes smooth muscle in lungs (asthma treatment)
  • large doses may stimulate increase in muscle mass
31
Q

Hormone and Metabolic Modulators

A
  • anti-estrogen prevents conversion of testosterone to estrogen (masks drug use)
  • myostatin inhibitors increase muscle mass
32
Q

Myostatin

A
  • protein in muscle that regulates size of muscle

- no myostatin will lead to increased muscle mass

33
Q

masking agents

A
  • diuretics increase urine production and excretion
  • used for weight reduction and masking other drugs
  • causes weight loss
  • can lead to dehydration, impaired thermoregulation, and electrolyte imbalances
34
Q

Oxygen transfer enhancements

A
  • blood doping
  • increases total volume of red blood cells via transfusion
  • improves endurance performance by increasing O2 carrying capactiy
  • increases VO2 max and time to exhaustion
  • can cause blood clotting, heart failure, transfusion complications
  • short and long distance performance enhanced
35
Q

manipulation of drug testing

A

-blood transfusions, urinating w/ catheter

36
Q

Gene Doping

A
  • banned in advance
  • still in experimental phases
  • long term effects are unknown
37
Q

Stimulants

A
  • mimic catacholamines
  • caffeine, cocaine, methanphedamines
  • increase mental alertness, bp, hr, blood glucose, and muscle tension
  • decrease sense of fatigue
  • redistribute blood to muscles
  • enhance, speed, power, endurance, concentration, and fine motor coord.
  • may be addictive and cause cardiac arr. or death
38
Q

narcotics

A
  • morphine, codeine
  • mask pain
  • may lead to greater injury
39
Q

WEED

A
  • cannabis, hashish, marijuana
  • not performance enhancing but damages image of sport
  • contraversial
40
Q

glucocorticosteroids

A
  • ainti inflammatory durgs
  • used to treat asthma
  • produces a feeling of euphoria unfair advantage
  • athletes to mask pain felt from injury and illness
41
Q

Alcohol

A
  • alcohol is a depressant

- performance enhancing for shooting sports

42
Q

beta blockers

A
  • prevent norepinephrine from binding
  • improves accuracy for shooting
  • not used for athletic sports
43
Q

NCAA

A
  • doesn’t ban alcohol

- bans caffeine

44
Q

NFL

A

Does not test for HGH

45
Q

NBA

A

drug abuse, steroids, etc

46
Q

MLB

A

drug abuse (cocaine), steroids, and stimulants

47
Q

Creatine benefits

A
  1. stores energy and increases regeneration of ATP
  2. enhances energy transfer from mitochondria to muscle fiber
  3. helps buffer H+
  4. stimulates glycogen breakdown
  5. increases muscle size
48
Q

creatine cont.

A
  • benefits depend on initial fitness levels
  • increase strength and power
  • increase body weight and lean body mass
  • increase sprint performance
49
Q

Creatine misc. benefits

A
  • 3 day supplementation increases volume and performance
  • good for weightlifters and athletes with explosive short bursts
  • improves working memory and intelligence
  • side effect is weight gain
50
Q

Creatine use

A
  • do not load
  • cycle period of use with periods of non use
  • bad quality control may not contain the same amount of creatine as said
51
Q

BCAA’s

A
  • branch chain amino acids
  • leucine, isoleucine, valine
  • reduces muscle breakdown
  • in dairy. meat and eggs
  • 10 to 15g per day for 30 days led to increased lean muscle mass gain
52
Q

Caffeine

A
  • bitter white alkaloid from tea or coffee
  • promotes lipolysis, stimulates CNS,
  • banned from NCAA
53
Q

Pre workout nutrition

A
  • 6g of EAA’s + small amount of carbs helps prevent breakdown of muscle protein by 160%
  • decreases protein degradation
  • increases protein synthesis
  • increases glycogen regeneration
54
Q

Postworkout nutrition

A

carbs to protein ratio 4:1 to 1:1

  • may add 3-5g of creatine
  • may add 5-10g of bcaa’s

Musculoskeletal intervention (5 decks)

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