Ergogenic Aids Flashcards
1
Q
Ergogenic Aid
A
-substance or phenomenon that can enhance work or athletic performance
2
Q
Ergolytic
A
-able to impair work or performance
3
Q
Placebo Effect
A
- An effect that is based on the power of suggestion
- Due to an individual believing that it will work
- 45% of internists report prescribing placebos
4
Q
Origin of Drug testing
A
- knud Enemark Jensen died during a 100km
- due to amphetamines
5
Q
WADA
A
-World anti-doping agency
6
Q
criteria for banning
A
- proven to be performance enhancing
- goes against the spirit of the sport
- dangerous to the health of athletes
7
Q
Test procedures
A
- urine and blood test
- sample kept for 8 yrs
- out of competition testing may occur w/ or w/o notice
- discipline for refusal of testing
8
Q
WADA prohibited list
A
- anabolic agents (steroids)
- peptide hormones, growth factors, related substances
- beta-2 agonists
- hormone and metabolic modulators
- diuretics and other masking agents
9
Q
WADA prohibited methods
A
- enhancement of oxygen methods
- chemical and physical manipulation
- gene doping
10
Q
WADA during competition ban list
A
- stimulants
- narcotics
- cannabinoids
- glucocorticosteroids
11
Q
Alcohol banned from
A
-aeronautics
-archery
-automobile
-karate
-motorcycling
-powerboating
lowers heart rate and improves shooting sports
12
Q
Beta blockers
A
-banned from shooting sports (archery and shooting)
13
Q
Anabolic Agents
A
- Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS)
- clenbuterol
- builds muscle mass (enhances growth of tissues bone & muscle)
- increase FFM, strength
- reduced fat mass
- facilitate recovery after exhaustive exercise
- increased potassium and nitrogen
- leads to male expression (deep voice, bald,etc
- synthetic form of testosterone
- minimizes androgenic effects
14
Q
steroid hormones
A
- directly affect nucleus
- lead to protein synthesis
- very potent
- small doses ineffective but large very effective
15
Q
Dose relationship
A
- does threshold is higher than in clinical doses
- after threshold highly effective
16
Q
AAS vs testosterone
A
-AAS easy to test
-testosterone more difficult b/c it is made by the body
4-1 ratio= positive test (deemed unnatural)
17
Q
Aerobic athletes & AAS
A
- proven to increase red blood cell production and total blood volume
- increased O2 delivery to muscles
18
Q
Concerns of AAS
A
- Moral and ethical concerns
- fair competition
- sexual risks (early growth stoppage, suppression of normal hormones (teste abnormalities) (excess of etrogen, boobs)
- women: disrupted mestruation or ovulation, male characteristics
19
Q
AAS concerns cont.
A
- cancer risks: liver and prostate
- cardio risks: cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy, hear attacks, thrombosis, arrhythmia, hypertension
- decreased HDL, increased LDL
- HDL can become non existent
- steroids take years off of the end of your life
20
Q
AAS concerns cont.
A
- emotional and psychological risks (increased aggression, violence, drug dependence)
- increase birth defects
- hepatitis, and HIV contraction
21
Q
Mark McGwire
A
- used androstenedione
- promotes testosterone production
- no significant strength gains but may increase estrogen
22
Q
Clenbuterol
A
- bronchodilator (beta 2 agonist)
- stimulant
- banned in US but prescribed for asthma in europe
- stimulates metabolism decrease body fat
- has anabolic properties
- decreases smooth muscle activation and opens airways
23
Q
Peptide hormones, growth factors, related substances
A
- EPO-erythropoiesis (stimulating agent) most popular
- CERA- continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (same as EPO but lasts longer)
- Chorionic Gonadotropin (hcg)
- growth hormone
24
Q
Peptide hormones
A
- bind w/ receptors
- does not directly interact w/ nucleus
25
EPO benefits
- slightly different from blood doping
- natural kidney hormone
- stimulates RBC production
- increases hematocrit
- increases oxygen carrying capacity
- increase hemoglobin and VO2max
- increases time to exhaustion
26
EPO risks
- dangerous increase in blood viscosity
- blood clots, heart attack, heart failure, stroke
- pulmonary embolism, hypertension
27
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HcG)
- stimulates restoration of size and production of the testes
- only used if you have been using AAS or testosterone
28
Human Growth Hormone benefits
- stimulates protein nucleic acid sythesis
- stimulates bone growth (young athletes)
- stimulates IGF-1 synthesis (increases muscle mass)
- mobilizes FFA's and decreases fat mass
- increases blood glucose levels
- no androgenic or psychological effects
- young athletes no anabolic effects
- older men:increase FFM & bone density
29
HGH risks
- acromegaly (enlarged brow, jaw, feet, hands, torso)
- cardiomyopathy, hypertension
- glucose intolerance/diabetes
30
Beta-2 Agonists
- adrenergic receptor agonist (catacholimine receptor)
- improves the receptors
- relaxes smooth muscle in lungs (asthma treatment)
- large doses may stimulate increase in muscle mass
31
Hormone and Metabolic Modulators
- anti-estrogen prevents conversion of testosterone to estrogen (masks drug use)
- myostatin inhibitors increase muscle mass
32
Myostatin
- protein in muscle that regulates size of muscle
| - no myostatin will lead to increased muscle mass
33
masking agents
- diuretics increase urine production and excretion
- used for weight reduction and masking other drugs
- causes weight loss
- can lead to dehydration, impaired thermoregulation, and electrolyte imbalances
34
Oxygen transfer enhancements
- blood doping
- increases total volume of red blood cells via transfusion
- improves endurance performance by increasing O2 carrying capactiy
- increases VO2 max and time to exhaustion
- can cause blood clotting, heart failure, transfusion complications
- short and long distance performance enhanced
35
manipulation of drug testing
-blood transfusions, urinating w/ catheter
36
Gene Doping
- banned in advance
- still in experimental phases
- long term effects are unknown
37
Stimulants
- mimic catacholamines
- caffeine, cocaine, methanphedamines
- increase mental alertness, bp, hr, blood glucose, and muscle tension
- decrease sense of fatigue
- redistribute blood to muscles
- enhance, speed, power, endurance, concentration, and fine motor coord.
- may be addictive and cause cardiac arr. or death
38
narcotics
- morphine, codeine
- mask pain
- may lead to greater injury
39
WEED
- cannabis, hashish, marijuana
- not performance enhancing but damages image of sport
- contraversial
40
glucocorticosteroids
- ainti inflammatory durgs
- used to treat asthma
- produces a feeling of euphoria unfair advantage
- athletes to mask pain felt from injury and illness
41
Alcohol
- alcohol is a depressant
| - performance enhancing for shooting sports
42
beta blockers
- prevent norepinephrine from binding
- improves accuracy for shooting
- not used for athletic sports
43
NCAA
- doesn't ban alcohol
| - bans caffeine
44
NFL
Does not test for HGH
45
NBA
drug abuse, steroids, etc
46
MLB
drug abuse (cocaine), steroids, and stimulants
47
Creatine benefits
1. stores energy and increases regeneration of ATP
2. enhances energy transfer from mitochondria to muscle fiber
3. helps buffer H+
4. stimulates glycogen breakdown
5. increases muscle size
48
creatine cont.
- benefits depend on initial fitness levels
- increase strength and power
- increase body weight and lean body mass
- increase sprint performance
49
Creatine misc. benefits
- 3 day supplementation increases volume and performance
- good for weightlifters and athletes with explosive short bursts
- improves working memory and intelligence
- side effect is weight gain
50
Creatine use
- do not load
- cycle period of use with periods of non use
- bad quality control may not contain the same amount of creatine as said
51
BCAA's
- branch chain amino acids
- leucine, isoleucine, valine
- reduces muscle breakdown
- in dairy. meat and eggs
- 10 to 15g per day for 30 days led to increased lean muscle mass gain
52
Caffeine
- bitter white alkaloid from tea or coffee
- promotes lipolysis, stimulates CNS,
- banned from NCAA
53
Pre workout nutrition
- 6g of EAA's + small amount of carbs helps prevent breakdown of muscle protein by 160%
- decreases protein degradation
- increases protein synthesis
- increases glycogen regeneration
54
Postworkout nutrition
carbs to protein ratio 4:1 to 1:1
- may add 3-5g of creatine
- may add 5-10g of bcaa's
