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Ergo1.1 > Ergo1.1 > Flashcards

Ergo1.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Human + Machine

A

Ergonomics

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2
Q

A scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interaction among humans and other elements of a system, and the professions that applies that theory, principles, data, and methods to design, in order to optimise human well-being and overall system performance

A

Ergonomics

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3
Q

Ergonomics is the scientific study and body of knowledge of ____, ____, and ____ for appropriate design of living and work environments.

A

human abilities, limitation, characteristics

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4
Q

Ergonomics come from the Greek word

A

ergon- work/effort
nomos- natural law/ study of

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5
Q

T/F Developed into a recognized field during World War II, when for the first time, technology and the human sciences were systematically applied in a coordinated manner

A

True

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6
Q

T/F Interest in the approach grew rapidly, especially in Europe and in the U.S. leading to the foundation in England of the first-ever national ergonomics society in 1950, which is when the term ergonomics was adopted.

A

False 1949

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7
Q

Traditional emerged from a military background. Preferred term in the U.S. and several other countries

A

Human Factors

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8
Q

Focuses on the safety and comfort of workers. More prevalent in Europe and the rest of the world.

A

Ergonomics

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9
Q

Ergonomics draws knowledge from

A

human sciences and technology

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10
Q

Concerned with human anatomy, and some of the anthropometric, physiological, and biomechanical characteristics as they relate to physical activity.

A

Physical Ergonomics

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11
Q

Concerned with mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system

A

Cognitive Ergonomics

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12
Q

Concerned with the optimization of socio-technical systems, including their structure, policies, and processes.

A

Organizational Ergonomics

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13
Q

Anatomy + Physiology:_____
Psychology: _____

A

Ergonomics 1: Physical Ergonomics
Ergonomics 2: Cognitive Ergonomics

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14
Q

The scientific study of the structure of organisms including their system, organs, and tissues.

A

Anatomy

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15
Q

The scientific study of how the human body functions. This includes the mechanical, physical, bioelectrical, and biomechanical functions.

A

Physiology

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16
Q

The scientific study of the way the human mind works and how it influences behavior, or the influence of a particular person’s character on his or her own behavior

A

Psychology

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17
Q

Benefits of Human Factor and Ergonomics

A
  • Reducing human error in the system performance
  • Reducing hazards to individuals in the work environment
  • Improving system efficiency
  • Design a system with user focus
  • Improve quality of life
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18
Q

Why Human factors and Ergonomics

A
  • Economic advantages
  • Progress in knowledge and technology
  • Moral imperative
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19
Q

Ergonomics is

A
  • Human-Centered
  • Multi-disciplinary
  • Application Oriented
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20
Q

The science of measurement and the art of application that establishes the physical geometry, mass properties, and strength capabilities of human body.

A

Anthropometry

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21
Q

Where did the word Anthropometry come from

A

Anthropos - human
Metrikos - measurement

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22
Q

Anthropometric considerations

A
  • sizes
    . proportions
  • mobility
  • strengths
  • other factors that define human being physically
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23
Q

Basis of Measurement

A
  • Baseline Definition
  • Postures
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23
Q

Anthropometric Design Principles

A
  • Design for all
  • Design for adjustment
  • Design for several sizes
  • Design for extreme individuals
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24
Q

The human body is normally composed of how many bones

A

206

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25
Q

Connective Tissues

A
  • Muscles
  • Tendons
  • Ligaments
  • Cartilage
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26
Q

Body links that determine the human mobility

A

Joints

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26
Q

The spine consists of how many vertebras

A

24

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27
Q

The maximal tension or force that a muscle can develop voluntarily between its origin and insertion

A

Muscle Strength

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28
Q

Force or torque that can be applied by a body segment to an object external to the body.

A

Body Segment Strength

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29
Q

It is infuenced by motivation and the physical condition under which it is exerted.

A

Strength

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30
Q

Body strength is measured by what instrument.

A

Analog or Digital Dy-nanometer

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31
Q

It plays a central role in ergonomic

A

Posture and Movement

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32
Q

It is involved in adopting a posture carrying out a movement and applying.

A

muscles, ligaments, joints

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33
Q

It provides the force necessary to adopt a posture or make a movement

A

Muscles

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34
Q

It has an auxiliary function

A

Ligaments

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35
Q

It allows the relative movement of the various parts of the body-

A

Joints

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36
Q

T/F Poor posture and movement can lead to local mechanical stress on the muscles, ligaments, and joints, resulting in complaints of the neck, back, shoulder, wrist, and other parts of the Respiratory system.

A

False (Musculoskeletal)

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37
Q

A number of principles of importance to the ergonomics of posture and movement derive from a range of specialist fields, ______, ______, and _______.

A

Biomechanics, Physiology, Anthropometry.

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38
Q

When maintaining a posture or making a movement, the joints ought to be kept as far as possible in a _______.

A

Neutral Position

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39
Q

The muscles are able to deliver their _______ when the joints are in the neutral position

A

Greatest force

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40
Q

T/F Raised arms, bent wrists, bent necks, and turned heads, bent and twisted trunks are examples of poor postures where the joints are not in a neutral position

A

True

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41
Q

If the work is too far from the body, the arms will be _____, and the trunk bent over forwards.

A

Outstretched

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42
Q

The upper part of the body of an adult weighs about ______ on average.

A

40 kg

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43
Q

The stress is particular in the _______.

A

Lower back

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44
Q

Twisted postures of the trunk cause undesirable stress to the _____.

A

Spine

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45
Q

The majority of the population can carry out a prolonged task without experiencing any general fatigue provided the energy demand of the task __________.

A

does not exceed 250W

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46
Q

The reduction in activity must be such that the average energy demand over the working day _______________.

A

does not exceed 250W

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47
Q

The position of the hands as well as the focal point are also of great importance to the posture of ____, ___, and ____.

A

head, trunk, and arms

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48
Q

Work Height
Use of eyes: frequent,
Use of hands/arms: infrequent

A

10-30 cm below eye height

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49
Q

Work Height
Use of eyes: frequent,
Use of hands/arms: frequent

A

0-15 cm above elbow height

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50
Q

Work Height
Use of eyes: infrequent,
Use of hands/arms: frequent

A

0-30 cm below elbow height

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51
Q

The most important operation should take place within a radius of approximately ______.

A

50 cm

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52
Q

For reading purposes, the position of the work surfaces which is viewed must be titled by at least _______

A

45 degree

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53
Q

The required depth clearance must be _____ at the _______ and _______ at the _______, which should allow the user to sit close to the work without bending the trunk forward.

A

at least 40 cm; knees
at least 100 cm; feet

54
Q

A table meant for standing work which is used for a given task, and on which no objects of different thickness are used, must have an adjustment range of _______ in order to cater for individual differences in body size.

A

at least 25 cm

55
Q

A pedestal stool can be used once in a while to vary a standing work posture. A pedestal stool consist of a seat which is adjustable in height (65-85 cm) and is tilted forward between __________.

A

15 and 30 degrees

56
Q

Another ailment is _______, which is a local inflammation of a tendon attachment due to a combination of a bent elbows and bent wrist.

A

tennis elbow

57
Q

If the tool cannot rest on a surface, and is normally used with one hand, its weight should not ________.

A

exceed 2 kg.

58
Q

If the whole hand is used to exert a force, the handgrip must have a diameter of approximately ____ and a length of approximately _____.

A

3 cm
10 cm

59
Q

Human Factor traditionally emerged from a military background and concentrated on ________.

A

Human Performance

60
Q

Ergonomics focuses on the ____ and _____ of worker

A

safety and comfort

61
Q

______ workplaces, equipment, and the physical environment to fit the characteristics and capabilities of most people in a complex task

A

To design

62
Q

Poorly designed equipment or environment may lead to _____.

A

injuries

63
Q

T/F Anatomy is the science of measurement and the art of application that establishes the physical geometry, mass properties, and strength capabilities of the human body

A

False (Anthropometry)

64
Q

Anthropometric measures

A
  • Static (Structural Dimension)
  • Dynamic (Functional Dimension
65
Q

T/F Studies have been done in other American countries, most of which are industry-specific.

A

False (Asian countries)

66
Q

Organs that generate force and movement

A

Muscles

67
Q

_______ are strong elastic tissues connecting muscles around joints

A

Tendons

68
Q

It connects bones and provides capsules around joints.

A

Ligaments

69
Q

It is translucent. viscoelastic, flexible material, as articulation surfaces at the joints

A

Cartilage

70
Q

Maximal displacement of the body defines the ___________.

A

range of motion

71
Q

Applications of Engineering Anthropometry

A

Automotive Vehicle Interior
Airplane Cockpits
Aircraft Passenger Accommodation
Computer Workstation Furniture

72
Q

It is a discipline that seeks to adapt the job to the worker with the goal of promoting worker health, safety, comfort, and productivity.

A

Occupational Ergonomics

73
Q

Muscle, nerve, and tendon pain caused by repetitive movement and overuse. It can also be called Cumulative Trauma Disorder and Repetitive Motion Injury.

A

Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI)

74
Q

Risk factors associated with RSI

A
  • Physical Factors
  • Psychological/Organizational Factors
  • Environmental Factors
75
Q

Factors like force, posture, frequency/duration of work associated with the likelihood of developing an RSI because they stress our joints, muscles.

A

Physical Factors

76
Q

Stress is an indirect player because it is not stress that causes injury-it is the physical reaction of our bodies to stress that can cause or aggravate RSI.
What Factor is this

A

Psychological/Organizational Factors

77
Q

______ that ,ay contribute to the development of RSI are noise, temperature, and lighting.

A

Environmental Factors

78
Q

Causes of RSI

A
  • Repetitive movements
  • Repeated exposure to ergonomic stress factors over a period of time
  • Compression on hard and sharp edges
  • Forceful exertion
  • Sustained or awkward body posture
79
Q

Types of RSI

A
  • Tendon Disorder
  • Nerve Disorder (Carpal Tunnel Syndrome)
  • Neurovascular Disorder (Neck and Shoulder disorder)
80
Q

Sample of Tendon Disorder

A
  • Tendinitis
  • Tenosynovitis
  • Trigger Finger
81
Q

Causes
- Excessive repetition
- Task that require shoulder to be elevated
- Overuse
- Overexertion
Symptoms
- Dull, aching sensation at the joint
- Discomfort from certain movements
- Tenderness to the touch

A

Tendon Disorder

82
Q

Cause
- Repetitive wrist motions
- Poor wrist posture
Symptoms
- Pain
Numbness

A

Nerve Disorder

83
Q

Causes
- Frequent reaching above shoulder level
- Lifting object with the shoulder drawn down and back
Symptoms
- Numbness in the finger and hands
- The arms may also feel as if they are going to sleep

A

Neurovascular Disorder

84
Q

Injuries and disorders that affect the human body’s movement or musculoskeletal system (i.e. muscles, tendons, ligament, nerves, discs, blood vessel, etc)

A

Musculoskeletal Disorder(MSDs)

85
Q

Group of painful disorder of muscles, tendons, and nerves

A

Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorder

86
Q

Three Primary Ergonomics Risk Factors

A
  • High Task Repetition
  • Forceful Exertion
  • Repetitive or Sustained Awkward Posture
87
Q

When other risk factors are present work-related physical stress and high task repetition contribute to MSD formation. A repetitive job has a cycle time ____________.

A

30 second or less

88
Q

Many work tasks require high force loads on the human body. Muscle effort increases in response to high force requirements, increasing associated fatigue which can lead to MSD

A

Forceful Exertion

89
Q

Risk of MSD is increased when joints are worked outside of this mid-range repetitively or for sustained periods of time without adequate recovery time.

A

Repetitive or Sustained Awkward Postures.

90
Q

Individual Risk Factors Include:

A
  • Poor work practices
  • Poor overall health habitats
  • Poor rest and recovery
  • Poor nutrition fitness and hydration
91
Q

Workers who use poor practices, body mechanics, and lifting techniques increase MSDs risk factors. Widespread poor practices increase their physical stress and hamper their body’s ability to fully recover.

A

Poor work practices

92
Q

People who are overnight, have a bad diet, or are frequent smokers or drinkers face a higher risk of suffering from both musculoskeletal issues and a host of other chronic diseases.

A

Poor overall health habits

93
Q

Fatigue outpaces the workers’ recovery system, causing a musculoskeletal imbalance. Workers who don’t get enough rest and recovery put themselves at risk.

A

Poor rest and recovery

94
Q

Workers who do not take care of their bodies are putting themselves at a higher risk of developing musculoskeletal and chronic health problems.

A

Poor nutrition, fitness and hydration.

95
Q

Disorder associated with peripheral nervous system, which includes nerves and ganglia located outside the spinal cord and brain. It is the compression of the median nerve at the wrist, which may result in numbness, tingling weakness, or muscle atrophy in the hand and fingers.

A

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)

96
Q

It is the study of forces on the human

A

Biomechanics

97
Q

Two major application of biomechanics

A
  • Improve human movement
  • Treatment or prevention of injury
98
Q

Major part of biomechanics

A
  • Kinematic
  • Kinetics
99
Q

Examines how, when, and where a body moves

A

Kinematics

100
Q

Examines the causes of motion, the internal and external forces that cause motion or remain at rest

A

Kinetics

101
Q

It is defined as maintaining proper musculoskeletal positioning during movement.

A

Body Mechanics

102
Q

This refer to the sum of biochemical reactions that occurs in the cell of a living organism to do the following:
- Provide energy for vital processes and activities
- Assimilate new organic material into the body

A

Metabolism

103
Q

The common measure of energy used is _____, and the corresponding measure for energy rate is _____.

A
  • kcal
    -kcal/min
104
Q

Types of Metabolism

A
  • Basal metabolism
  • Activity metabolism
  • Digestive metabolism
105
Q

The minimum amount of energy when it is resting. Energy use only in vital circulatory and respiratory function. resting human in a warm location at least 12 hours after eating

A

Basal metabolism

106
Q

It is the energy associated with physical activity such as sports and manual work.

A

Activity metabolism

107
Q

It is the energy used for digestion

A

Digestive metabolism

108
Q
  • 4 kcal/kg
  • Primary source of energy
  • converted to Glucose (C6H12O6) and glycogen
A

Carbohydrate

109
Q
  • 4 kcal/kg
  • converted to amino acid
A

Protein

110
Q
  • 9 kcal/kg
  • converted to fatty acid
A

Lipids

111
Q

Basal metabolism depends on the following:

A
  • Age
  • Heredity
  • Gender
  • Weight
  • Percentage of Body Fat
112
Q

Standard Basal Metabolic rate

A

Male 20 years old
- BMRh/kg = 1.0kcal/hr per kg of body weight
Female
- BMRh/kg = 0.9kcal/hr per kg of body weight

113
Q

As a person ages, the basal metabolism rate declines slowly, so the age correction is simply to ______ from the preceding values for each decade above 20 years

A

subtract 2%

114
Q

This is the difference between in the amount of oxygen needed by the muscles during muscular activity and the amount that is supplied.

A

Oxygen debt

115
Q

______ is anaerobic during this time lag before the body can respond to increase the need for oxygen.

A

Glycolysis

116
Q

T/F Many office injuries are caused by the repetitive tasks that put strain on our muscles and joints.

A

TRUE

117
Q

_______ to your body
What think is it?

A

Listen
Think Detection

118
Q

Practicing good work_____ and ____ergonomics at work.
What think is it?

A

habits
applying
Think Prevention

119
Q

________ our body through proper diet and regular exercise.
What think is it?

A

Strengthen
Think Activity

120
Q

As strong as this system might be, overuse of muscles through repeated movements can put stress on your body, causing a____________.

A

RSI/ Repetitive Strain Injury

121
Q

Other names of RSI

A

Cumulative Trauma Disorder/Repetitive Motion Injury

122
Q

T/F RSIs are the least common type of injury found in the office

A

FALSE (most common)

123
Q

Remember to always speak to your supervisor if you are experiencing pain at work.

A

Think Detection: Symptoms and Stages of Injury

124
Q

It is closely associated with the development of office related injuries are _______, _______, and _________. Some factors have a more direct influence on these injuries than others.

A

Risk Factors
Physical, Psychological, and Environmental factors

125
Q

Factors such as ____, ____, _____ are associated with the likelihood of developing an office related injury because they stress our joints and muscles.

A

force, posture, and frequency/duration of work

126
Q

It is debated as having the most direct influence on the development if these injuries.

A

Physical Factor

127
Q

Sometimes employees are overloaded that is, they feel they cannot do something
because they do not have enough time or the right resources. This causes employees to
stress about their ability to perform their tasks well. Decreasing workload and minimizing
the need for overtime can alleviate stress

A

Cognitive (Mental) Effort

128
Q

An employee’s perception of how well co-workers interact, how work is organized and how
often he or she is supervised can be a source of stress. Lack of job clarity and general job
dissatisfaction can also stress employees.

A

Psychosocial

129
Q

When we are stressed, we tend to tense up certain muscles and pay little attention to proper
posture and movement. Stress, therefore, is an indirect player because it is not the stress that
causes injury it’s our bodies’ physical reaction to stress that can cause or aggravate an injury.

A

Psychological/Organizational Factors

130
Q

Varying work schedules, such as shift work, can affect a worker’s sleep and eating patterns,
as well as his or her family and social interaction. Stress and poor health habits can
increase the likelihood of injury at the office. Also, when employees work overtime, they are
exposed to longer hours of repetitive tasks, which may increase the chance of injury.

A

Organizational

131
Q

Some ___________ may contribute to the possibility of developing an injury while others simply reduce
productivity.

A

Environmental Factors

132
Q

3 Samples of Environmental Factors

A

Noise
Temperature
Lighting

133
Q

Ergonomics can be defined as the ________________________, not forcing the
worker’s body to fit the job.

A

science of designing the job to fit the worker

134
Q

T/F Acknowledge the warning signs as late as possible and do something about it.

A

False (Early)

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