Ergo 2 Flashcards by JANFEL BINGAYAN

_________ is concerned with mental processess, such as perceptioon, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system.

Cognitive Ergonomics

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Ergonomic Advantages
- Minimizing _____ and _____
- Minimizing _____ and _____
- Improving _____ and _____
- Eliminating or minimizing _____, _____, and _____
- Minimizing _____ and _____ associated with _____ and _____.

fatigue; overextion
absenteeism; labor turnover
quality; quantity of output
injuries; strains; sprains
lost time; costs; injuries; accidents

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Progress in Knowledge and Technology
- Learning about _____, _____, and _____
- _____, and _____ new theories and practices.

human desires; capabilities; limitation
Developing; applying

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Moral Imperative
- Maximizing _____, _____, _____, and _____
- Improving _____, and _____

safety; efficiency; comfort; productivity
human comfort; quality of life

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The field of cognitive ergonomics emerged predominantly in the 1970s with the advent of the personal computers and new developments in the fields of _____ and _____

Cognitive Psychology and Artificial Intelligence

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Cognitive ergonomics is the application of _____ to work, to achieve the optimization between people and their work.

Psychology

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It is considered as an _____, and has rapidly developed over the last 27 years.

Applied Science

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According to _____, _____ was one of the pioneers of _____, and advocated the notion of “_____”.

Van der Veer
Enid Mumford
Interactive System Engineering
User-centered Designs

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Criteria for Developing a user-centered design

Task Analysis
Analyzing motor control cognition during visual tasks.

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Cognitive ergonomics is a division of ergonomics (human factor), a discipline and practice that aims to ensure _____, _____, and _____, and _____, _____, and _____

Appropriate interaction between work, Product and Environment
Human needs, Capabilities, and Limitations

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_____ ergonomics = mental _____

Cognitive ergonomics = mental processes

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It is the cognitive limitation of consumers

Theory of Bounded Rationality (Simon, 1957)

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According to the bounded rationality, we make suboptimal decision due to three factors - _____, _____. _____

Cognitive Limitations, Imperfect Informatuon, and time-constraints

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______ refers to our inability as humans to process information in an optimal manner. In other words, we are unable to consider all available factors in our decision making.

Cognitive Limitations

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Theory of Human Error

Unsafe Acts
-Unintended Action
* Slip
> Attentional Failures
* Lapse
> Memory Failures
- Intended Action
* Mistake
> Rule-based or knowledge-
based mistakes
* Violation
> Routine violations, Exceptional
Violations Sabotage

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_____ is an emerging field that investigates the _____ in relation to behavioral performance in natural environment and everyday setting

Neuroergonomics
human brain

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“_____ is as comfortable at work as the _____.”

Mind ; body

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If physical surroundings reflects and support their natural cognitive tendencies, there will be _____ and _____.

> less errors
performance & productivity - positive boost

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Ergonomics is
- _____ Centered
- Multi-_____
- _____ Oriented

Human Centered
Multi-Disciplinary
Application Oriented

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______ is the study of mental processes, which includes determining the characteristics and properties of the mind and how it oeprates.

Cognitive Psychology

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Who made the experiment about How long it take to make a decision??

Donders’s Pioneering Experiment

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Who invented Structuralism and Analytic Introspection and what did he invent?

Wundt’s and his Psychology Laboratory

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His experiment is about the time course of forgetting?

Ebbinghaus’s Memory Experiment

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Who wrote Principles of Psychology

William James

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Donders conclude that the decision making process took _____.

one-tenth of a second

(Donder) Time to make a decision Formula

Choice Reaction Time - Simple Reaction Time = Time to make a decision.

Wundt's approach, which dominated psychology in the late 1800s and early 1900s was called _____

Structuralism

According to structuralism, our overall experience is determined by combining basic elements of experience the structuralists called _____

sensations

Wundt wanted to create a "_____", which would include all the basic sensation involved in creating experience.

periodic table of minds

Wundt thought he could achieve this scientific description of the component of experience by using _____, a technique in which trained participants described their experience nd thought processes in response to stimuli

analytic introspection

How long it takes to respond to presentation of stimuli is called _____

reaction time

Ebbinghaus used a measure called _____, calculated as follows, to determine how much was forgotten after a particular delay;

savings

Savings Formula

Savings = (Original time to learn first) - (Time to relearn list after deleay)

Observation based on the function of his own mind, not experiment

William James's Principle of Psychology

First cognitive psychology experiment

Donders (1868)

Established the first laboratory of scientific psychoology

Wundt (1879)

Quatitative measurement of mental processes

Ebbinghaus (1885)

First Psychology textbook, some of his observation are still valid today.

James (1890)

Watson proposed a new approach called _____

behaviorism

_____ became dissatisfied with the method of analytic introspection.

Watson

Watsons Experiment name

The "Little Albert" Experiment and Classical Conditioning (1920)

______ provided another tool for studying the relationship between stimulus and response, which ensured that this approach would dominate psychology for decades to come.

Skinners Operant Conditioning

_____ trained rats to find food in a four-armed maze and beleived that rat had created a _____, a representation of the maze in its mind

Tolman (1938) cognitive map

Verbal Behavior / Operant Conditioning

Skinner (1957)

He argued that children do not only learn language through imitation and reinforcement

Chomsky (1959)

It was built on James's idea of attention. Present message A in left ear and message B in right ear.

Cherry (1953)

_____ developed flow diagram to show what occurs as a person direct attention to one stimulus

Broadbent (1958)

"making a machine behave in ways that would be called intelligent if a human were so behaving"

Artificial Intelligent

_____ created the logic theories program that could create proofs of mathematical theorem involving logic principles.

Newell and Simoun

_____ developed a three-stage model of memory: - _____ (less than 1 second) - _____ (a few seconds, limited capacity) -_____(long duration, high capacity)

Arkinson and Shiffrin model of memory Sensory Memory Short-term Memory Long-Term Memory

Studies behavior of people with brain damage

Neuropsychology

Studies electrical response of the nervous system including brain neurons

Electrophysiology

Brain Imaging (PET)

Position Emission Tomography

Brain Imaging (fMRI)

functional magnetic resonance imaging

It is one of the largest and most complex organ in the human body

Brain

Brain is made up of _____ that communicate in trillion off connections called _____

100 billion nerves synapses

The _____ is the outermost layer of brain cells.

Cortex

The _____ is between the spinal cord and the rest of the brain. basic function like sleeping and breathing are controlled here.

brain stem

The _____ are a cluster of structures in the center of the brain. It coordinates messages between multiple other brain areas.

basal ganglia

The _____ is at the base and the back of the brain. It is responsible for coordination and balance.

cerebellum

The _____ are responsible for problem solving and judgement and motor function

frontal lobe

The _____ manage sensation, handwriting, and body position

parietal lobe

The _____ are involved with memory and hearing

temporal lobe

The _____ contains the brains' visual processing system

Occipital Lobe

The brain is surrounded by a layer of tissues called the _____. The _____ helps protect the brain from injury.

meninges skull (cranium)

The study of physiological basis of cognition.

Cognitive Neuroscience

The purpose of cognitive neuroscience is to determine how the _____.

how the brain functions and achieve performance.

Cognitive neuroscience is considered as a branch of both _____

psychology and neuroscience

_____ is an example of a biological process that influence cognition.

Decision-making

_____ plays a role in how we feel pleasure

Dopamine

The _____ is the basic working unit of the brain, a specialized cells designed to transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells.

neurons

Each neurons has a _____, an _____, and _____

cell body, axon, and dendrites

The _____ contains the nucleus and cytoplasm. It contains mechanism to keep cell alive

cell body

The _____ extends from the cell body and often gives rises to many smaller branches before ending at nerve terminals, which receives information from other neurons.

axon

_____ are tube filled with fluid that transmits electrical signal to other neurons.

Dendrites

_____ proposed that signal could be transmitted throughout the net in all direction.

Nerve net theory

He established neuron doctrine

Ramon y Cajal

Individual nerve cells transmit signal and are not continuously linked with other cells.

Neuron Doctrine

small shafts of hollow glass filled with a conductive salt solution that can pick up electrical signals at the electrode tip and conduct these signals back to a recording device.

Microelectrodes

There are two electrodes: a _____, shown with its recording tip inside the neuron, and a _____, located some distance away so it is not affected by the electrical signals. The difference in charge between the recording and reference electrodes is fed into a computer and displayed on the computer’s screen.

Recording electrodes Reference electrodes

This value, which stays the same as long as there are no signals in the neuron, is called the

resting potential

Shows what happens when the neuron’s receptor is stimulated so that a _____ is transmitted down the axon.

nerve impulse

This impulse, which is called the _____, lasts about 1 millisecond (1/1000 of a second).

action potential

Everything a person experiences is based on _____in the person’s nervous system

representation

_____research with visual stimuli among cats.

David Hubel and Thorsten Wiesel.

The structure of the brain changes with experience

Dependency Plasticity

The problem of neural representation for the senses has been called the

Problem of sensory coding

Type of Sensory Coding

Specificity Coding Population Coding Sparse Coding

Representation of a stimulus by the firing of specifically turned specialized to respond only to a specific stimulus. The idea that an object could be represented by the firing of a specialized neuron that responds only to that object

Specifificity Coding

Representation of a stimulus by the pattern of firing oa a large number of nuerons. the representation of a particular object by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons (figure (b))

Population Coding

Representation of a stimulus by a pattern of firing of only a small group of nuerons, with the majority of neurons remaining silent. occurs when a particular object is represented by a pattern of firing of only a small group of neurons, with the majority of neurons remaining silent

Sparse Coding

_____ (3-mm-thick layer covering the brain) contains mechanism resposible for most cognitive function.

Cerebral Cortex

Primary Receiving areas if the senses: Occipital lobe: _____ Parietal lobe: _____ Temporal lobe: _____

Vision touch, temperature, pain hearing, taste, and smell

Coordination of information recceived from all senses

frontal lobe

Measures neural activity by identifying highly oxugenated hemoglobin molecules

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

_____ responds specifically to faces

Fusiform Face area (FFA)

Responds specifically to places (indoor/outdoor scenes)

Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

Responds specifically to pictures of bodies and parts of bodies

Extrastriate body area (EBA)

The _____ is activated by places (top row) but not by other stimuli (bottom row)

Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

Structural description of the network of elements and connection forming the human brain

Connectome

Ergo 2 Flashcards

Quiz 1