Equlibrua And Industrial Processes

Question 1

What are reversible reactions

Answer 1

Reactions that do not reach completion but instead reach a state of equilibrium ( a balance containing a mixture of both reactants and products)

Question 2

What does dynamic équilibria mean

Answer 2

Change occurs constantly reactants constantly colliding to form products and products colliding to form reactant but these reactions are occurring at the same rate so there is no chance in the quantities of reactants and products present

Question 3

What is le chateliers principle

Answer 3

When a change of conditions is imposed on a system of equilibrium the position of the equilibrium will move to bring about the opposite effect

Question 4

What happens if pressure increases

Answer 4

Equilibrium will move to the side with less gas molecules

Question 5

How does catalyst effect equilibrium

Answer 5

It’s reached more rapidly

Question 6

What happens if you add a substance

Answer 6

Shifts to side of equation away from substance

Question 7

What is haber process

Answer 7

Réversible reaction combining hydrogen and nitrogen to make ammonia (nh3

Question 8

How is hydrogen and nitrogen obtained for the haber process

Answer 8

Methane from natural gas reacts with steam using a nickel catalyst to form carbon monoxide and hydrogen . Nitrogen is obtained from fractional distillation of liquid air

Question 9

What are the conditions for the haber process

Answer 9

The reaction is exothermic but too low a temperature would mean the reaction Would take too long to react so it is done at 450c - low enough to give a reasonable yield but high enough to produce a yield at an acceptable rate

Question 10

What catalyst is used for haber process

Answer 10

Iron finely powdered to give a large surface area

Question 11

What is the pressure for equilibrium

Answer 11

200 atmospheres , since amonia has less moles of gas and high pressure increases rate of reaction . Higher pressure would be too dangerous and expensive

Question 12

What is the yield of ammonia from the haber process

Answer 12

15% the remaining nitrogen and hydrogen leave the vessel Unreacted and is cooled so the amonia condenses and leaves as a liquid . Nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled into the reaction vessel

Question 13

What is amonia used for and what are its properties

Answer 13

Fertiliser Made with amonium salt , it is a colourless gas that is less dense than air and soluble in water and is a weak alkali as it reacts with water to form NH4 (amonium ) and OH

Question 14

How does amonia react with HCL has

Answer 14

Forms solid amonium chloride ( white smoke )

Question 15

How does ammonia react with nitric acid and sulphuric acid

Answer 15

Forms ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate

Question 16

How are nitrogen oxides formed b

Answer 16

Sufficiently high temperatures to break nitrogens triple bond like in a car engine nitrogen and oxygen form nitrogen monoxide and at lower temperatures this reacts with more oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide

Question 17

How do you make sulfur dioxidE

Answer 17

Burn sulfur in air so it reacts with oxygen to form sulfur dioxide

Question 18

How do you make sulphur trioxide

Answer 18

React sulphur dioxide with more oxygen , this a reversible reaction and exothermic . It is done at 1-2 atmospheres as the yield is high and more pressure is expensive and dangerous , it is done at 450 c as a lower temperature would give a too slow reaction rate , and vanadium oxide is used as the catalyst

Question 19

How is sulfur trioxide made into sulphuric acid

Answer 19

It is dissolved into concentrated sulphuric acid to give oleum H2S207, which is slowly added to water giving concentrated sulphuric acid

Question 20

What is sulfuric acid used for

Answer 20

Sulphate fertilisers , detergents , car batteries and its a powerful drying agent

Question 21

How does acid rain form

Answer 21

Sulphur impurities in coal burnt forming sulphur dioxide that dissolves in rain water to form sulphurous acid that is then oxidised to sulphuric acids