Equity Valuation: Concepts and Basic Tools Flashcards

1
Q

Market Value > Intrinsic Value

A
  • stock is overvalued
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2
Q

Market Value = Intrinsic Value

A
  • stock is fairly valued
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3
Q

Market Value < Intrinsic Value

A
  • stock is undervalued
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4
Q

Three major categories of Equity Valuation Models

A
  • present value
  • multiplier models
  • asset-based valuation models
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5
Q

Dividend payment chronology:

A
  1. declaration date
  2. ex-dividend date
  3. holder-of-record date
  4. payment date
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6
Q

Ex-dividend date

A
  • cutoff date on or after which buyers are not eligible for the dividend
  • ie need to own before this date
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7
Q

Holder-of-record date

A
  • list of sh.h who are able to receive the dividend

- usually two days after the ex dividend date

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8
Q

r =

A
  • cost of equity

- required rate of return on a share

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9
Q

CAPM model

A

r = rfr + B(MRP)

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10
Q

FCFE def

A
  • the residual CF available to be distributed as dividends to common shareholders
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11
Q

FCFE model is used because

A
  • FCFE is a measure of a firm’s dividend-paying capacity
  • can be used for non-dividend paying stocks
  • not all of the available cf is distributed
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12
Q

FCFE equation

A

FCFE = CFO - FCInv + net borrowing

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13
Q

FCFE Model equation

A

Vo = FCFE t / (1+r) ^t

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14
Q

Preferred stock valuation formula

A

Vo = Do / r

Do might = Par * dividend

  • for non-callable, non-convertible perpetual pref shares
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15
Q

The Gordon Growth Model

A
  • dividends grow indefinitely at a constant rate

- aka the constant-growth dividend discount model

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16
Q

The Gordon Growth Model formula

A

Vo = D1 / (r - g)

17
Q

To estimate g (growth rate of dividend

A
  • use historic growth rate of the firm
  • use the industry median g rate
  • estimate the sustainable growth rate: g = b * ROE
18
Q

Sustainable growth rate formula (g)

A

g = b * ROE

b= retention rate
b = (1 - dividend payout ratio)
19
Q

Earnings retention rate formula

A

b = (1 - dividend payout ratio)

20
Q

The higher the retention rate, the higher the _____

A

higher growth rate

- ie less dividends are paid out = higher g

21
Q

Higher ROE = higher

A

g

22
Q

Price-to-book ratio

A

P/B
= Price per share / book value per share

book value per share = A - L / shares outstanding

*evidence suggests that companies with low P/B tend to outperform stocks with high P/B

23
Q

Book value per share formula

A

book value per share = A - L / shares outstanding

24
Q

Price-to-earnings ratio

A

PE = price per share / trailing 12 months EPS

*can use for trailing or leading EPS

25
Q

Price-to-sales ratio

A

P/S = price per share / sales per share

  • can use for trailing or leading sales per share
  • can never be negative unlike the PE ratio
26
Q

Price-to-cash-flow ratio

A

P/CF = price per share / cash flow per share

*CFO, FCF, etc

27
Q

Justified (Forward) P/E ratio

A

Justified PE = dividend payout / r-g

28
Q

A higher payout ratio may mean a company is retaining less for reinvestment, which in turn means:

A

a slower growth rate

29
Q

Enterprise Value

A

measures the market value of the whole company (debt and equity)

30
Q

Enterprise Value formula

A

EV = market value of debt + market value of equity + market value of pref stock - cash and equivalents

EV = MVD + MVE + MVP - cash and equivalents

31
Q

EBITDA

A
  • earnings before interest taxes, depreciation, and amortization
  • a proxy for cash flow
32
Q

When is the EV/EBITDA ratio used?

A
  • when earnings are negative
  • for comparing companies with significant differences in capital structure
  • to evaluate the cost of take over

*MVD can be difficult to obtain

33
Q

Asset-based valuation

A

(A - L) / sh.o