Equity: Market Structure Flashcards
Accelerated book build
An offering of securities by an investment bank acting as principal that is accomplished in only one or two days
All-or-nothing (AON) orders
An order that includes the instructions to trade only if the trade fills the entire quantity (size) specified.
Allocationally efficient
A characteristic of a market, a financial system, or an economy that promotes the allocation of resources to their highest value uses
Alternative investment markets
Market for investments other than traditional securities investments (traditional commons and preferred shares and traditional fixed income instruments) the term usually encompasses direct and indirect investment in real estate(include timberland and farmland) and commodities (including precious metals); hedge funds, private equity and other investments requiring specialized due diligence
Alternative trading system
Trading venues that functions like exchanges but that do not exercise regulatory authority over their subscribers except with respect to the conduct of the subscribers trading in their trading systems
Arbitrageurs
Traders who engage in arbitrage
Ask
The price at which a dealer or trader is willing to sell an asset management, typically qualified by a maximum quantity (ask size)
Ask size
The maximum quantity of an asset that pertains to a specific ask price from a trader. For example, if the ask for share issue $30 for a size of 1000 shares, the trader is offering to sell at $30 up to 1000 shares
Behind the market
Said of prices specified in orders that worse than the best current price; for a limit buy order, a limit price below the best bid
Best bid
The highest bid in the market
Best effort offering
An offering of a security using an investment bank in which the investment bank as agent for the issuer, promises to use its best efforts to sell the offering but does not guarantee that a specific amount will be sold
Best offer
The lower offer (ask price) in the market
Bid
The price at which a dealer or trader is willing to buy an asset typically qualified by a maximum quantity
Bid size
The maximum quantity of asset that pertains to a specific bid price from a trader
Block brokers
A broker agent that provide me brokerage services for large-size trades
Book Building
Investment bankers process of compiling a “book” or list of indicators of interest to buy part of an offering.
Broker
1) an agent who executed orders to buy or sell securities on behalf of a client in exchange for a commission
2) see futures commission merchants
Broker-Dealer
A financial intermediary (often a company) that may function as a principal (dealer) or as an agent (broker) depending on the type of trade
Brokered market
A market in which brokers arrange trades among their clients
Call market
A market in which trades occur only at a particular time and place
Call money rate
The interest rate that buyers pay for their margin loan
Call option
An option that gives the holder the right to buy an underlying asset from another party at a fixed price over a specified period of time
Capital markets
Financial markets that securities of linger duration, such as bonds and equities
Clearing instructions
Instructions that indicate how to arrange the final settlement (“clearing”) of a trade.
Clearing house
An entity associated with a futures market that acts as middleman between the contracting parties and guarantees to each party the performance of the other.
Commodity Swap
A swap in which the underlying is a commodity such as oil, gold, or an agricultural product
Complete markets
Informally, markets in which the variety of distinct securities traded is so broad that any desired payoff in a future state-of-the- word is achievable
Continous trading market
A market in which trades can be arranged and executed any time the market is open.
Counterparty risk
The risk that the other party to a contract will fail to honor the terms of the contract.
Crossing networks
Trading systems that match buyers and sellers who are willing to trade at prices obtained from other markets
Currencies
Monies issued by national monetary authorities
Currency swap
A swap in which each part makes interest payments to the other in different currencies.
Dark pools
Alternative trading systems that do not display the orders that their clients send to them
Day order
An order that is good for the day on which it is submitted. If it has not been filled by the close of business, the order expires infilled
Dealers
A financial intermediary that act as as principal in trades
Depository institutions
Commercial banks, savings and loan banks, credit unions, and similar institutions that raise funds from depositors and other investors and lend it to borrowers
Derivative pricing rule
A pricing rule used by crossing networks in which a price is taken (derived) from the price that is current in the assets primary market
Discriminatory pricing rule
A pricing rule used in continous markets in which the limit price of the order or quote that first arrived determines the trade price
Display Size
The size of an order displayed to public view
Electronic communications network
Trading venues that function like exchanged but that do not exercise regulatory authority over their subscribers except with respect to the conduct of the subscribers trading in their trading systems
Equity swap
A swap transaction in which at least one cash flow is tied to the return to an equity portfolio position, often an equity index
Exchanges
Places where traders can meet to arrange their trades
Execution instructions
Instruction manual that indicate how to fill an order
Exercise
The process of using an option to buy or sell the underlying
Exercise price
The fixed price at which an option holder can buy or sell the underlying
Fill or Kill
An order that is valid only upon receipt by the broker or exchange. If such an order cannot be filled in part or in whole upon receipt, it cancels immediately
Forward contract
An agreement between two parties in which one party, the buyer, agrees to buy from the other party, the seller, an underlying asset at a later date for a price established at the start of the contract
Futures contact
A variation of a forward contract that has essentially the basic definition but with some additional features, such as a clearinghouse guarantee against credit losses, daily settlement of gains and losses, and an organized electronic or floor trading facility.
Good-on-close
An execution instruction specifying that an order can only be filled at the close of trading
Good on open
An execution instruction specifying that an order can only be filled at the opening of trading
Good-till-cancelled order
An order specifying that is valid until the entity placing the order has cancelled it (or, commonly until some specified amount time such as 60 days has elapsed, whichever comes sooner).
Hedge funds
Private investment vehicles that typically use leverage, derivatives, and long and short investment strategies
Hidden Order
An order that is exposed not to the public but only to the brokers or exchanged that receive it
Iceberg order
An order in which the display size is less than the orders full size
Immediate or cancel order
An order that is valid only upon receipt by the broker or exchange. If such an order cannot be filled in part or in whole upon receipt, it cancels immediately
Information motivated traders
Traders that trade to profit from information that they believe allows me them to predict future prices
Informationally efficient market
A market in which asset prices reflect new information quickly and rationally
Initial margin
The amount that must be deposited in a clearinghouse account when entering into a futures contract.
Initial margin requirement
The margin requirement on the first day of a transaction as well as on any day in which additional margin funds must be deposited
Initial public offering
(IPO) the first issuance of common shares to the public by a formerly private corporation
Interest rate swap
A swap in which the underlying is an interest rate. Can be viewed as a currency swap in which both currencies are the same and can be created as combination of currency swaps
Investment banks
Financial intermediaries that provide advice to their mostly corporate clients and help them arrange transactions such as initial and seasoned securities offerings.
Lead underwriter
The lead investment bank in a syndicate of investment banks and broker-dealers involves in a securities underwriting
Limit order
Instructions to a broker or exchange to obtain the best price immediately available when filling an order, but in no event accept a price higher than most a specified (limit price) when buying or accept a price lower than a specified (limit) price when selling.
Limit order book
The book or list of limit orders to buy and sell that pertains to a security
Liquid market
Said of a market in which traders can buy or sell with low total transaction costs when they want to trade.
Long position
A position in an asset or contract in which one owns the asset or has an exercisable right under the contract
Maintenance margin
The minimum amount that is required by a future me clearinghouse to maintain a margin account and to protect against default m. Participants whose margin balances drop below the required maintenance margin must replenish their accounts
Maintenance margin requirement
The margin requirement on any day other than the first day of a transaction
Margin call
A request for short to deposit additional funds to bring their balance up to the initial margin
Margin loan
Money borrower from a broker to purchase securities
Market bid-ask spread
The differences between the best bid and the best offer
Market-on-close
An execution instruction specifying that an order can only be filled at the close of trading
Market order
Instructions to a broker or exchange to obtain the best price immediately available when filing an order
Marketable limit order
A buy limit order in which the limit price is placed above the best offer, or a sell limit order in which the limit price is placed below the best bid. Such orders generally will partially or completely fill right away
Money Marker
The market for short-term debt instruments (one year maturity or less)
Multilateral trading facilities
Trading venues that function like exchanges but do not exercise regulatory authority over their subscribers except with respect to the conduct of the subscribers trading in their trading systems.
Offer
The price at which a dealer or trader is willing to sell an asset, typically qualified by a maximum quantity (ask size)
Operationally efficient
Said of a market, a financial system, or an economy that has relatively low transaction costs.
Option
A financial instrument that gives one party the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset from or to another party at a fixed price over a specific period of time.
Option contract
A financial instrument that gives one party the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset from or to another party at a fixed price over a specified period of time.
Order
A specification of what instrument to trade, how much to trade, and whether to buy or sell.
Order-driven markets
A market (generally auction driven market) that uses rules to arrange trades based on the orders that traders submit; in their pure form, such markets do not make use of dealers
Order precedence hierarchy
With respect to the execution of orders to trade, a set of rules that determines which orders execute before other orders
Position
The quantity of an asset that owns or owes
Price priority
The principle that the highest priced buy order ms and the lowest priced sell orders execute first
Primary capital markets (primary markets)
The market where securities are first sold and the issues receive the proceeds.
Primary market
The market where securities are first sold and the issuers receive the proceeeds
Private placement
Typically, a non-written, unregistered offering of securities that are sold only to an investor or a small group of investors. It can be accomplished directly between the issuer and the investor(s) or through an investment bank.
Put
An option that gives the holder the right to sell an underlying asset to another party at a fixed price over a specific period of time.
Quote-driven market
A market in which dealers acting as principals facilitate trading
Seasoned offering
An offering in which an issuer sells additional units of a previously issued security.
Secondary market
The market where securities are trades among investors
Secondary precedence rules
Rules that determine how to rank orders placed at the same time.
Shelf registration
Type of public offering that allows the issuer to rule a single, all encompassing offering circular that covers a series of bond issues
Short position
A position in an asset or contract in which one has an asset one does not own, or in which a right under a contract can be exercised against oneself
Special purpose entity
An non-operating entity created to carry out a specified purpose, such as leasing assets or securitizing receivables, can be a corporation, partnership, trust, llc, formed to to facilitate a specific type of business activity
Special purpose vehicle
A special purpose entity
Spot markets
Markets in which assets are traded for immediate delivery
Standing limit orders
A limit order at a price below market and which therefore is waiting to trade
Stop-loss order
An order in which a trader has specified a stop price condition.
Stop order
An order in which a trader has a specified a stop price condition
Swap contract
An agreement between two parties to exchange a series of future cash flows
Traditional investment markets
Markets for traditional investments, which include all publicly traded debts and equities and shares in pooled investment vehicles that hold publicly traded debts and/or equities.
Underlying
An asset that trades in a market in which buyers and sellers meet, decide on a price, and the seller then delivers the asset to the buyer and receives payment. The underlying is the asset or other derivative on which a particular derivative is based.
Underwritten offering
A type of securities issue mechanism in which the investment bank guarantees the sale of the securities at an offering price that is negotiated with the issuer.
Validity instructions
Instructions which indicate when the order may be filled
Variation margin
Additional margin that must be deposited in an amount sufficient to bring the balance up to the initial margin requirement
