Equipment & Monitors Flashcards

1
Q

Ultrasound Propagation

A

Propagation - sound wave movement
- Air 343 m/sec
- Soft tissue 1,540 m/sec
- Bone 3,000-5,000 m/sec

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2
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance b/w 2 identical points on adjacent cycles
Measured from peak to peak or trough to trough

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3
Q

Frequency

A

Cycles per second
Measures pitch
Hertz (Hz)
Inverse correlation w/ wavelength

Human hearing 20-20,000 Hz

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4
Q

Amplitude

A

Represents sound loudness
Measured in decibels

↑amplitude ↑pressure Δ ↑sound
↓amplitude ↓pressure Δ ↓sound

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5
Q

Attenuation

A

Absorption
Reflection
Scatter
Refraction

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6
Q

Absorption

A

Ultrasound wave lost to the body as heat
Wave strength naturally degrades as it travels through tissue

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7
Q

Reflection

A

Sound wave bounces off tissue boundary
Reduces sound strength as the wave continues on its path deeper into the body
Applying gel helps to reduce reflection

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8
Q

Scatter

A

Occurs when the ultrasound wave encounters an object smaller than the wave
Causes echo to scatter in all directions, the signal never returns to the transducer
Explains why fluid-filled structures appear anechoic

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9
Q

Refraction

A

Ultrasound wave bending when it encounters a tissue boundary at an oblique angle
Based on Snell’s law

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10
Q

Open Circuit

A

No rebreathing
No reservoir

Ex:
- Insufflation
- Simple face mask
- NC
- Open drop

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11
Q

Semi-Open

A

No rebreathing
Yes reservoir

Ex:
- Mapleson circuit FGF dependent on design
- Circle system FGF > minute ventilation

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12
Q

Semi-Closed

A

Partial rebreathing
Yes reservoir

Circle system FGF < minute ventilation

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13
Q

Closed

A

Complete rebreathing
Yes reservoir

Circle system w/ low FGF & APL valve closed

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14
Q

Mapleson A

A

Best for spontaneous ventilation
Worst for controlled ventilation
FGF inlet away from patient (near the reservoir bag)
APL valve near the patient

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15
Q

Mapleson B

A

Worst for spontaneous ventilation
FGF inlet & APL valve near the patient

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16
Q

Mapleson C

A

FGF inlet & APL valve near patient
NO corrugated tubing

17
Q

Mapleson D

A

Best for controlled ventilation
FGF inlet near patient
APL valve away from patient (near the reservoir bag)

18
Q

Mapleson E

A

FGF inlet near patient
No APL valve present
Ayre’s T-piece
NO reservoir bag

19
Q

Mapleson F

A

Jackson-Rees
FGF inlet near patient
No APL valve present

20
Q

Bain System

A

Modified Mapleson D
Spontaneous & controlled ventilation
FGF enters the circuit through thin inner tubing & exhaled gas exits via the corrugated tubing
Exhaled gas warms & humidifies FGF

FGF inlet near the patient
APL valve away from patient (near the reservoir bag)

21
Q

TOF 0/4

A

100% blocked

22
Q

TOF 1/4

A

90% blocked

23
Q

TOF 2/4

A

80% blocked
Tidal volume 5 mL/kg

24
Q

TOF 3/4

A

75% blocked

25
Q

TOF 4/4

A

70% blocked

26
Q

Double-Burst Stimulation w/o Fade

A

60% blocked

27
Q

Bite on Tongue Blade
> 5 seconds

A

50% receptor blockade
Most sensitive

28
Q

NIBP

A

Length 80%
Width 40%