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Large Animal Anatomy > Equine Osteology > Flashcards

Equine Osteology Flashcards

1
Q

what is another name for the scapula of a horse

A

pectoral girdle

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2
Q

how is the scapula / forelimb attached to the rest of the body

A

synsarcosis
(bone to the body through muscle attachments)

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3
Q

what group of muscles attach the forelimb to the body

A

extrinsic muscles

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4
Q

what creates the ‘arm’ of the horse

A

humerus

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5
Q

what bones make up the forearm

A

radius & ulna

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6
Q

what bones make up the manus

A
  1. carpal bones
  2. metacarpal bones
  3. phalanges (all 3)
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7
Q

what is prominent of the equine scapula

A

scapular cartilage

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8
Q

what is the blunt process of the scapula

A

spine

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9
Q

what is not present on the scapula at the distal end that is present in the cat and dog

A

acromion is not present in the horse

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10
Q

what scapular tuberosity is present in the horse and pig but less developed in the ox and cat

A

spinal tuber / tuberosity

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11
Q

what is blunt but well developed on the scapula of the horse on the distal end

A

supra-glenoid tubercle

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12
Q

what is the origin of the Biceps brachii m.

A

supra-glenoid tubercle

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13
Q

what is the ratio between the supraspinous and infraspinous fossas

A

1:2

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14
Q

what form the dorsal border of the scapula

A

scapular cartilage

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15
Q

what is the result of the well formed scapular cartilage

A

elongated dorsal border

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16
Q

what is present on the proximal extremity of the humerus

A
  1. greater & lesser tubercle
  2. intermediate tubercle
  3. intertubercular groove / bicipital groove
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17
Q

what structure is unique to the horse humerus

A

intermediate tubercle

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18
Q

True or False:

The greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus are not divided

A

FALSE
They both have a cranial and caudal part to them

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19
Q

what divides the intertubercular groove

A

intermediate tubercle

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20
Q

what are the characteristics of the body of the humerus

A
  • twisted shaft
  • brachial groove / musculospiral groove
  • more deep and twisted
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21
Q

True or False:

The radius and ulna of a horse are fused

A

true

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22
Q

because of the fusion of the radius and ulna, what is not a possible movement of the equine forelimb

A

pronation & supination (rotation)

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23
Q

which bone of the radius/ulna is well developed

A

radial tuberosity

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24
Q

what bone is not fully developed in the antebrachium

A

ulna

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25
Q

where is the ulna present in the antebrachium

A

distal 1/3 of radius

26
Q

how many interosseus spaces are present in the antebrachium of the horse

27
Q

what type of bones are present in the carpus

A

irregular bones

28
Q

how many rows of bones are present in the carpus

29
Q

how many bones are present in the proximal bone of the carpus

30
Q

what bones are present in the proximal row of the carpus

A

-radial carpal
- intermediate carpal
-ulna carpal
-accessory carpal bone

31
Q

what is the only bone of the carpus to which muscles attach

A

accessory carpal bone

32
Q

which carpal bone in the distal row of a horse is inconsistent

33
Q

in the ruminant, how many carpal bones are present in the distal row

34
Q

describe the distal row of bones in the carpus of the ruminants

A

2nd & 3rd are fused
4th carpal present

35
Q

how many metacarpal bones are present

36
Q

which metacarpal bones make up the splint bones

A

2 = medial splint
4 = lateral splint

37
Q

what does metacarpal 3 form

A

cannon bone

38
Q

True or False:

all metacarpal bones are weight bearing

A

FALSE
ONLY metacarpal 3 is weight bearing

39
Q

what is located on the dorsomedial aspect of the proximal extremity of the cannon bone

A

metacarpal tuberosity

40
Q

what inserts on the metacarpal tuberosity

A

extensor carpi radialis m.

41
Q

what is palpable on the distal end of the cannon bone as a landmark for nerve blocks

A

buttons
( ends of the splint bones)

42
Q

how many phalanges are present

43
Q

how many digits are formed by the phalanges

44
Q

which phalanges create the pastern bones

A

proximal and middle

45
Q

what is the common name for the proximal phalange

A

long pastern bone

46
Q

what is the common name for the middle phalange

A

short pastern

47
Q

what is the common name for the distal phalange

A

coffin / pedal bone

48
Q

which phalange shows rough areas for attachments of distal sesamoidean ligaments on the plantar aspect

A

proximal (P1)

49
Q

what is present on the plantar side of P1 created by the sesamoidean bones and ligaments

A

triangular area / triagon

50
Q

what is the name of the ridge on the dorsal end of the coffin bone

A

extensor process

51
Q

where are vessels and nerves housed in the coffin bone

A

parietal groove

52
Q

what is used for attachment for the common digital extensor tendon on the coffin bone

A

extensor process

53
Q

what is present on the pedal bone to help with concussion absorption and venous drainage

A

ungual / collateral / lateral cartilage

54
Q

what are the surfaces of the distal phalanx

A

dorsal surface
solar surface
articular surface

55
Q

what separates the solar surface into a dorsal and palmar part

A

semilunar line (rough line)

56
Q

what is the insertion point of the deep digital flexor tendon

A

flexor surface of the distal phalanx on the palmar aspect

57
Q

what is used to accommodate terminal branches of the planter/ palmar proper digital arteries

A

solar foramina

58
Q

what is formed inside the pedal bone by the anastomosis of terminal palmar digital terminating arteries

A

terminal arch

59
Q

how many sesamoid bones are present in the forelimb

A

1 proximal
2 distal

60
Q

where is the proximal sesamoid bone found

A

plantar side - at metatarsophalangeal articulation

61
Q

where are the distal sesamoid bones found

A

plantar side at the distal interphalangeal articulation

62
Q

what bone do the distal sesamoid bones articulate with

A

flat bone / navicular bone

Large Animal Anatomy (3 decks)

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