Equine Forelimb Flashcards
what is another name for the metacarpophalangeal joint
fetlock joint
what is another name for the proximal interphalangeal joint
pastern joint
what is the other name for the distal interphalangeal joint
coffin joint
where do 95% of lameness conditions occur
below the carpus
what type of joint is the shoulder joint
spheroid
(ball and socket)
what bones are involved in the scapulo-humeral joint
glenoid cavity of the scapula & head of the humerus
what is not present in the horse or pig glenoid cavity
acromion process
True or False:
Because of the lack of acromion process, there is no acromion head of the deltoideus m.
true
what is found within the scapula-humeral joint
intertubercular bursa
where is the intertubercular bursa located
between the tendon of origin of the biceps brachii m. & intertubercular groove
True or False:
There is no communication b/w intertubercular bursa and shoulder joint in the horse and ox
true
what is not present (as in ligament) in the shoulder joint
no collateral ligaments
what muscles are used to stabilize the shoulder joint
tendons of the…
-infraspinatus
-supraspinatus
-subscapularis
-teres minor
-biceps brachii muscles
what is the normal positioning of the horse shoulder
partially flexed
what is the purpose of the partially flexed position of the shoulder
anti-concussion mechanism
what creates the “point of the shoulder”
greater tubercle
what creates the cranial division of the shoulder/ arm region
greater tubercle
True or False:
The spinous tuberosity is not a palpable landmark in the horse
FALSE
it is palpable
what holds the tendon the biceps brachii m in place on the humerus
transverse humeral retinaculum
the tendon of what muscle is protected by a synovial bursa and can becomed inflamed, impacting the function of the shoulder
infraspinatus m.
what is the point of origin for the biceps brachii m
supraglenoid tubercle
what is found on the lateral aspect of the humerus and is an easily identified landmark
deltoid tuberosity
what protects the tendon of the biceps brachii m.
intertubercular bursa
in the horse and ox, what does not communicate with the cavity of the shoulder
intertubercular bursa
where is arthrocentesis of the shoulder performed
palpable depression between the cranial and caudal eminence of the greater tubercle
how is the needle directed in an arthrocentesis
in a frontal plane in a caudal and slightly medial direction
what type of joint is the elbow joint
composite synovial, hinge
what bones are involved in the cubital joint
condyle of humerus
trochlear notch of ulna
head of radius
what joints are included within the elbow joint
humeroulnar
humeroradial
radioulnar
what are the ligaments of the elbow joint
medial & lateral collateral ligament
where do the collateral ligaments of the elbow extend from
medial and lateral epicondyles to the radius and ulna
which collateral ligament of the elbow joint has 2 branches
medial collateral ligament
which part of the medial collateral ligament inserts on the radius, distal to the interosseous space
long division
what does the long division of the medial collateral ligament of the horse and cattle represent
remnant of the pronator teres muscle
which division of the medial collateral ligament of the horse is the deep part
short division
what is the insertion point of the short collateral ligament of the elbow joint
medial tuberosity of the radius
which collateral ligament of the elbow in the horse attaches proximally to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
lateral collateral ligament of the elbow
where does the stronger more cranial part of the lateral collateral ligament of the elbow insert
radius
what part of the lateral collateral ligament is absent in the horse
caudal ulnar part
what ligament is not present in the horse elbow but is found in a cat and dog
olecranon ligament
where is the needle placed for an arthrocentesis of the elbow joint
cranially and caudally to the lateral collateral ligament
what landmarks should be used to place the needle for an arthrocentesis of an elbow
- lateral humeral epicondyle
-lateral collateral ligament
-lateral tuberosity of the radius
what type of joint is the carpal joint
synovial composite joint
what bones are associated with the carpal joint
-distal aspect of the radio-ulnar segment
-proximal row of carpal bones
-distal row of carpal bones
which carpal bone is inconsistently present in the distal row
1st
if the 1st carpal bone of the distal row is present, where would it be found
embedded in the palmar carpal ligament behind the 2nd carpal bone
what joint is between the radius and proximal carpal row
radiocarpal joint
what joint is between proximal and distal rows of carpal bones
middle carpal joint
what joint is between the distal row of carpal bones and metacarpal bones
carpometacarpal joint
what joint of the carpus is between individual carpal bones of the same row
intercarpal joint
True or False:
There are 3 levels of articulation within the common fibrous capsule of the carpal joint
true
what are the synovial compartments of the carpal joint
- antebrachiocarpal sac
- middle carpal sac
- carpometacarpal sac
what is the largest sac within the carpal joint
antebrachiocarpal sac
which 2 synovial sacs communicate in the carpal joint
middle carpal and carpometacarpal
what is thickened on the dorsal and palmar aspects in the region of the carpus
joint capsule
what strengthens the joint capsule of the carpus on the dorsal aspect
extensor retinaculum
what does the extensor retinaculum surround
extensor tendons of the carpus
what ligaments/tendons are found on the dorsal aspect of the carpus
- extensor carpi radialis tendon
- long digital abductor tendon
- common digital extensor tendon
- lateral digital extensor tendon
which side of the joint capsule is naturally thicker
palmar
what enforces the carpus on the palmar aspect
flexor retinaculum
what does the flexor retinaculum and joint capsule form
carpal canal
what extends from the palmar edge of the accessory bone to the mediopalmar aspect of the carpus
joint capsule
what extends from the middle or distal end of the carpus into the accessory ligament
joint capsule
what does the joint capsule attach to on the distal end
deep digital flexor m.
what is a complex structed situated on the palmar aspect of the carpus
carpal canal
what does the carpal canal contain
flexor tendons
blood vessels
nerves
what is the proximal boundary of the carpal canal
distal extremity of radius
what is the deep aspect of the carpal canal
palmar aspect of the joint capsule
what is the most superficial layer of the carpal canal
flexor retinaculum, accessory bone and collateral ligaments
what is the distal border of the carpal canal
proximal extremity metacarpal bones
what is the carpal canal formed by
- accessory carpal bone (laterally)
- palmar carpal ligament (dorsally)
- flexor retinaculum
what ligaments are associated with the carpal joint
medial and lateral collateral ligaments
what is the purpose of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments of the carpal joint
unites the forearm and the metacarpus and extends between the radius and metacarpal bones
what ligaments connects the accessory carpal bone to the carpus and surrounding regions
accessory carpal bone ligaments
which accessory ligaments are responsible for joining the bone to the lateral styloid process
proximal acc. ligament
middle acc. ligament
distal acc. ligament
where is the movement of the carpal joint ‘most free’
antebrachiocarpal joint
where is there no significant movement in the carpal joint
carpometacarpal joint
what is the purpose of the carpal joint
shock absorber
what is common to find clinically in the carpal joint
fractures causing lameness
what is the reasoning for the increase of fractures seen in the carpal joint of horses
overextension
