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Large Animal Anatomy > Equine Forelimb > Flashcards

Equine Forelimb Flashcards

1
Q

what is another name for the metacarpophalangeal joint

A

fetlock joint

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2
Q

what is another name for the proximal interphalangeal joint

A

pastern joint

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3
Q

what is the other name for the distal interphalangeal joint

A

coffin joint

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4
Q

where do 95% of lameness conditions occur

A

below the carpus

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5
Q

what type of joint is the shoulder joint

A

spheroid
(ball and socket)

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6
Q

what bones are involved in the scapulo-humeral joint

A

glenoid cavity of the scapula & head of the humerus

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7
Q

what is not present in the horse or pig glenoid cavity

A

acromion process

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8
Q

True or False:

Because of the lack of acromion process, there is no acromion head of the deltoideus m.

A

true

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9
Q

what is found within the scapula-humeral joint

A

intertubercular bursa

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10
Q

where is the intertubercular bursa located

A

between the tendon of origin of the biceps brachii m. & intertubercular groove

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11
Q

True or False:
There is no communication b/w intertubercular bursa and shoulder joint in the horse and ox

A

true

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12
Q

what is not present (as in ligament) in the shoulder joint

A

no collateral ligaments

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13
Q

what muscles are used to stabilize the shoulder joint

A

tendons of the…
-infraspinatus
-supraspinatus
-subscapularis
-teres minor
-biceps brachii muscles

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14
Q

what is the normal positioning of the horse shoulder

A

partially flexed

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15
Q

what is the purpose of the partially flexed position of the shoulder

A

anti-concussion mechanism

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16
Q

what creates the “point of the shoulder”

A

greater tubercle

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17
Q

what creates the cranial division of the shoulder/ arm region

A

greater tubercle

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18
Q

True or False:

The spinous tuberosity is not a palpable landmark in the horse

A

FALSE
it is palpable

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19
Q

what holds the tendon the biceps brachii m in place on the humerus

A

transverse humeral retinaculum

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20
Q

the tendon of what muscle is protected by a synovial bursa and can becomed inflamed, impacting the function of the shoulder

A

infraspinatus m.

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21
Q

what is the point of origin for the biceps brachii m

A

supraglenoid tubercle

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22
Q

what is found on the lateral aspect of the humerus and is an easily identified landmark

A

deltoid tuberosity

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23
Q

what protects the tendon of the biceps brachii m.

A

intertubercular bursa

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24
Q

in the horse and ox, what does not communicate with the cavity of the shoulder

A

intertubercular bursa

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25
Q

where is arthrocentesis of the shoulder performed

A

palpable depression between the cranial and caudal eminence of the greater tubercle

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26
Q

how is the needle directed in an arthrocentesis

A

in a frontal plane in a caudal and slightly medial direction

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27
Q

what type of joint is the elbow joint

A

composite synovial, hinge

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28
Q

what bones are involved in the cubital joint

A

condyle of humerus
trochlear notch of ulna
head of radius

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29
Q

what joints are included within the elbow joint

A

humeroulnar
humeroradial
radioulnar

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30
Q

what are the ligaments of the elbow joint

A

medial & lateral collateral ligament

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31
Q

where do the collateral ligaments of the elbow extend from

A

medial and lateral epicondyles to the radius and ulna

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32
Q

which collateral ligament of the elbow joint has 2 branches

A

medial collateral ligament

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33
Q

which part of the medial collateral ligament inserts on the radius, distal to the interosseous space

A

long division

34
Q

what does the long division of the medial collateral ligament of the horse and cattle represent

A

remnant of the pronator teres muscle

35
Q

which division of the medial collateral ligament of the horse is the deep part

A

short division

36
Q

what is the insertion point of the short collateral ligament of the elbow joint

A

medial tuberosity of the radius

37
Q

which collateral ligament of the elbow in the horse attaches proximally to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus

A

lateral collateral ligament of the elbow

38
Q

where does the stronger more cranial part of the lateral collateral ligament of the elbow insert

A

radius

39
Q

what part of the lateral collateral ligament is absent in the horse

A

caudal ulnar part

40
Q

what ligament is not present in the horse elbow but is found in a cat and dog

A

olecranon ligament

41
Q

where is the needle placed for an arthrocentesis of the elbow joint

A

cranially and caudally to the lateral collateral ligament

42
Q

what landmarks should be used to place the needle for an arthrocentesis of an elbow

A
  • lateral humeral epicondyle
    -lateral collateral ligament
    -lateral tuberosity of the radius
43
Q

what type of joint is the carpal joint

A

synovial composite joint

44
Q

what bones are associated with the carpal joint

A

-distal aspect of the radio-ulnar segment
-proximal row of carpal bones
-distal row of carpal bones

45
Q

which carpal bone is inconsistently present in the distal row

A

1st

46
Q

if the 1st carpal bone of the distal row is present, where would it be found

A

embedded in the palmar carpal ligament behind the 2nd carpal bone

47
Q

what joint is between the radius and proximal carpal row

A

radiocarpal joint

48
Q

what joint is between proximal and distal rows of carpal bones

A

middle carpal joint

49
Q

what joint is between the distal row of carpal bones and metacarpal bones

A

carpometacarpal joint

50
Q

what joint of the carpus is between individual carpal bones of the same row

A

intercarpal joint

51
Q

True or False:

There are 3 levels of articulation within the common fibrous capsule of the carpal joint

A

true

52
Q

what are the synovial compartments of the carpal joint

A
  1. antebrachiocarpal sac
  2. middle carpal sac
  3. carpometacarpal sac
53
Q

what is the largest sac within the carpal joint

A

antebrachiocarpal sac

54
Q

which 2 synovial sacs communicate in the carpal joint

A

middle carpal and carpometacarpal

55
Q

what is thickened on the dorsal and palmar aspects in the region of the carpus

A

joint capsule

56
Q

what strengthens the joint capsule of the carpus on the dorsal aspect

A

extensor retinaculum

57
Q

what does the extensor retinaculum surround

A

extensor tendons of the carpus

58
Q

what ligaments/tendons are found on the dorsal aspect of the carpus

A
  1. extensor carpi radialis tendon
  2. long digital abductor tendon
  3. common digital extensor tendon
  4. lateral digital extensor tendon
59
Q

which side of the joint capsule is naturally thicker

A

palmar

60
Q

what enforces the carpus on the palmar aspect

A

flexor retinaculum

61
Q

what does the flexor retinaculum and joint capsule form

A

carpal canal

62
Q

what extends from the palmar edge of the accessory bone to the mediopalmar aspect of the carpus

A

joint capsule

63
Q

what extends from the middle or distal end of the carpus into the accessory ligament

A

joint capsule

64
Q

what does the joint capsule attach to on the distal end

A

deep digital flexor m.

65
Q

what is a complex structed situated on the palmar aspect of the carpus

A

carpal canal

66
Q

what does the carpal canal contain

A

flexor tendons
blood vessels
nerves

67
Q

what is the proximal boundary of the carpal canal

A

distal extremity of radius

68
Q

what is the deep aspect of the carpal canal

A

palmar aspect of the joint capsule

69
Q

what is the most superficial layer of the carpal canal

A

flexor retinaculum, accessory bone and collateral ligaments

70
Q

what is the distal border of the carpal canal

A

proximal extremity metacarpal bones

71
Q

what is the carpal canal formed by

A
  1. accessory carpal bone (laterally)
  2. palmar carpal ligament (dorsally)
  3. flexor retinaculum
72
Q

what ligaments are associated with the carpal joint

A

medial and lateral collateral ligaments

73
Q

what is the purpose of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments of the carpal joint

A

unites the forearm and the metacarpus and extends between the radius and metacarpal bones

74
Q

what ligaments connects the accessory carpal bone to the carpus and surrounding regions

A

accessory carpal bone ligaments

75
Q

which accessory ligaments are responsible for joining the bone to the lateral styloid process

A

proximal acc. ligament
middle acc. ligament
distal acc. ligament

76
Q

where is the movement of the carpal joint ‘most free’

A

antebrachiocarpal joint

77
Q

where is there no significant movement in the carpal joint

A

carpometacarpal joint

78
Q

what is the purpose of the carpal joint

A

shock absorber

79
Q

what is common to find clinically in the carpal joint

A

fractures causing lameness

80
Q

what is the reasoning for the increase of fractures seen in the carpal joint of horses

A

overextension

Large Animal Anatomy (3 decks)

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