Equine Forelimb

Question 1

what is another name for the metacarpophalangeal joint

Answer 1

fetlock joint

Question 2

what is another name for the proximal interphalangeal joint

Answer 2

pastern joint

Question 3

what is the other name for the distal interphalangeal joint

Answer 3

coffin joint

Question 4

where do 95% of lameness conditions occur

Answer 4

below the carpus

Question 5

what type of joint is the shoulder joint

Answer 5

spheroid
(ball and socket)

Question 6

what bones are involved in the scapulo-humeral joint

Answer 6

glenoid cavity of the scapula & head of the humerus

Question 7

what is not present in the horse or pig glenoid cavity

Answer 7

acromion process

Question 8

True or False:

Because of the lack of acromion process, there is no acromion head of the deltoideus m.

Answer 8

true

Question 9

what is found within the scapula-humeral joint

Answer 9

intertubercular bursa

Question 10

where is the intertubercular bursa located

Answer 10

between the tendon of origin of the biceps brachii m. & intertubercular groove

Question 11

True or False:
There is no communication b/w intertubercular bursa and shoulder joint in the horse and ox

Answer 11

true

Question 12

what is not present (as in ligament) in the shoulder joint

Answer 12

no collateral ligaments

Question 13

what muscles are used to stabilize the shoulder joint

Answer 13

tendons of the…
-infraspinatus
-supraspinatus
-subscapularis
-teres minor
-biceps brachii muscles

Question 14

what is the normal positioning of the horse shoulder

Answer 14

partially flexed

Question 15

what is the purpose of the partially flexed position of the shoulder

Answer 15

anti-concussion mechanism

Question 16

what creates the “point of the shoulder”

Answer 16

greater tubercle

Question 17

what creates the cranial division of the shoulder/ arm region

Answer 17

greater tubercle

Question 18

True or False:

The spinous tuberosity is not a palpable landmark in the horse

Answer 18

FALSE
it is palpable

Question 19

what holds the tendon the biceps brachii m in place on the humerus

Answer 19

transverse humeral retinaculum

Question 20

the tendon of what muscle is protected by a synovial bursa and can becomed inflamed, impacting the function of the shoulder

Answer 20

infraspinatus m.

Question 21

what is the point of origin for the biceps brachii m

Answer 21

supraglenoid tubercle

Question 22

what is found on the lateral aspect of the humerus and is an easily identified landmark

Answer 22

deltoid tuberosity

Question 23

what protects the tendon of the biceps brachii m.

Answer 23

intertubercular bursa

Question 24

in the horse and ox, what does not communicate with the cavity of the shoulder

Answer 24

intertubercular bursa

Question 25

where is arthrocentesis of the shoulder performed

Answer 25

palpable depression between the cranial and caudal eminence of the greater tubercle

Question 26

how is the needle directed in an arthrocentesis

Answer 26

in a frontal plane in a caudal and slightly medial direction

Question 27

what type of joint is the elbow joint

Answer 27

composite synovial, hinge

Question 28

what bones are involved in the cubital joint

Answer 28

condyle of humerus trochlear notch of ulna head of radius

Question 29

what joints are included within the elbow joint

Answer 29

humeroulnar humeroradial radioulnar

Question 30

what are the ligaments of the elbow joint

Answer 30

medial & lateral collateral ligament

Question 31

where do the collateral ligaments of the elbow extend from

Answer 31

medial and lateral epicondyles to the radius and ulna

Question 32

which collateral ligament of the elbow joint has 2 branches

Answer 32

medial collateral ligament

Question 33

which part of the medial collateral ligament inserts on the radius, distal to the interosseous space

Answer 33

long division

Question 34

what does the long division of the medial collateral ligament of the horse and cattle represent

Answer 34

remnant of the pronator teres muscle

Question 35

which division of the medial collateral ligament of the horse is the deep part

Answer 35

short division

Question 36

what is the insertion point of the short collateral ligament of the elbow joint

Answer 36

medial tuberosity of the radius

Question 37

which collateral ligament of the elbow in the horse attaches proximally to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus

Answer 37

lateral collateral ligament of the elbow

Question 38

where does the stronger more cranial part of the lateral collateral ligament of the elbow insert

Answer 38

radius

Question 39

what part of the lateral collateral ligament is absent in the horse

Answer 39

caudal ulnar part

Question 40

what ligament is not present in the horse elbow but is found in a cat and dog

Answer 40

olecranon ligament

Question 41

where is the needle placed for an arthrocentesis of the elbow joint

Answer 41

cranially and caudally to the lateral collateral ligament

Question 42

what landmarks should be used to place the needle for an arthrocentesis of an elbow

Answer 42

- lateral humeral epicondyle -lateral collateral ligament -lateral tuberosity of the radius

Question 43

what type of joint is the carpal joint

Answer 43

synovial composite joint

Question 44

what bones are associated with the carpal joint

Answer 44

-distal aspect of the radio-ulnar segment -proximal row of carpal bones -distal row of carpal bones

Question 45

which carpal bone is inconsistently present in the distal row

Answer 45

1st

Question 46

if the 1st carpal bone of the distal row is present, where would it be found

Answer 46

embedded in the palmar carpal ligament behind the 2nd carpal bone

Question 47

what joint is between the radius and proximal carpal row

Answer 47

radiocarpal joint

Question 48

what joint is between proximal and distal rows of carpal bones

Answer 48

middle carpal joint

Question 49

what joint is between the distal row of carpal bones and metacarpal bones

Answer 49

carpometacarpal joint

Question 50

what joint of the carpus is between individual carpal bones of the same row

Answer 50

intercarpal joint

Question 51

True or False: There are 3 levels of articulation within the common fibrous capsule of the carpal joint

Answer 51

true

Question 52

what are the synovial compartments of the carpal joint

Answer 52

1. antebrachiocarpal sac 2. middle carpal sac 3. carpometacarpal sac

Question 53

what is the largest sac within the carpal joint

Answer 53

antebrachiocarpal sac

Question 54

which 2 synovial sacs communicate in the carpal joint

Answer 54

middle carpal and carpometacarpal

Question 55

what is thickened on the dorsal and palmar aspects in the region of the carpus

Answer 55

joint capsule

Question 56

what strengthens the joint capsule of the carpus on the dorsal aspect

Answer 56

extensor retinaculum

Question 57

what does the extensor retinaculum surround

Answer 57

extensor tendons of the carpus

Question 58

what ligaments/tendons are found on the dorsal aspect of the carpus

Answer 58

1. extensor carpi radialis tendon 2. long digital abductor tendon 3. common digital extensor tendon 4. lateral digital extensor tendon

Question 59

which side of the joint capsule is naturally thicker

Answer 59

palmar

Question 60

what enforces the carpus on the palmar aspect

Answer 60

flexor retinaculum

Question 61

what does the flexor retinaculum and joint capsule form

Answer 61

carpal canal

Question 62

what extends from the palmar edge of the accessory bone to the mediopalmar aspect of the carpus

Answer 62

joint capsule

Question 63

what extends from the middle or distal end of the carpus into the accessory ligament

Answer 63

joint capsule

Question 64

what does the joint capsule attach to on the distal end

Answer 64

deep digital flexor m.

Question 65

what is a complex structed situated on the palmar aspect of the carpus

Answer 65

carpal canal

Question 66

what does the carpal canal contain

Answer 66

flexor tendons blood vessels nerves

Question 67

what is the proximal boundary of the carpal canal

Answer 67

distal extremity of radius

Question 68

what is the deep aspect of the carpal canal

Answer 68

palmar aspect of the joint capsule

Question 69

what is the most superficial layer of the carpal canal

Answer 69

flexor retinaculum, accessory bone and collateral ligaments

Question 70

what is the distal border of the carpal canal

Answer 70

proximal extremity metacarpal bones

Question 71

what is the carpal canal formed by

Answer 71

1. accessory carpal bone (laterally) 2. palmar carpal ligament (dorsally) 3. flexor retinaculum

Question 72

what ligaments are associated with the carpal joint

Answer 72

medial and lateral collateral ligaments

Question 73

what is the purpose of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments of the carpal joint

Answer 73

unites the forearm and the metacarpus and extends between the radius and metacarpal bones

Question 74

what ligaments connects the accessory carpal bone to the carpus and surrounding regions

Answer 74

accessory carpal bone ligaments

Question 75

which accessory ligaments are responsible for joining the bone to the lateral styloid process

Answer 75

proximal acc. ligament middle acc. ligament distal acc. ligament

Question 76

where is the movement of the carpal joint 'most free'

Answer 76

antebrachiocarpal joint

Question 77

where is there no significant movement in the carpal joint

Answer 77

carpometacarpal joint

Question 78

what is the purpose of the carpal joint

Answer 78

shock absorber

Question 79

what is common to find clinically in the carpal joint

Answer 79

fractures causing lameness

Question 80

what is the reasoning for the increase of fractures seen in the carpal joint of horses

Answer 80

overextension