Equine GI (final exam) Flashcards by Lori Jean Sampsell

Fluid therapy route of administration

Enteral or IV

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H2 antagonist indication

Gastric ulcers

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H2 antagonists

Climetidine
Ranitidine
Nizatidine
Famotidine

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H+ pump inhibitor

Omeprazole, inhibits HCl secretion

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Mucosal Protectants

Aluminum hydroxide
Sucralfate
Misoprostal
(Can cause abortions in mares)

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Cholinergic agonist

Bethanechol (gastric prokinetic, M3 receptor)

Chronic administration in horses with pyloric fibrosis and stenosis

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Bethanechol adverse effects

Diarrhea
Inappetence
Colic
Excessive salivation
(SLUDD)

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Neostigmine indication

Small intestine ileus

Inhibits cholinesterase

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Benzamides

Metoclopramide

Cisapride

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Metoclopramide mechanism

Anti-dopaminergic (CNS and PNS)

Stimulates cholinergic receptors (directly and indirectly)

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Cisapride mechanism

Indirect cholinergic stimulation, increases acetylcholine

Increases GI intestinal motility

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Dopamine antagonist + mechanism

Domperidone

Increases GI transit time

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Macrolide antimicrobial + mechanism

Erythromycin

Motilin receptor agonist at presynaptic terminal

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Local anesthetic + indication

Lidocaine
Ileus (IV treatment, equine)

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Adrenergic receptor antagonists

Acepromazine

Yohimbine

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Esophageal impaction treatment

Detomidine
Acepromazine
Xylazine + Butorphanol
Mineral oil is contraindicated

Esophagitis + treatment

Typically associated with megaesophagus
Metoclopramide
Bethanechol

Oxytocin effect on esophageal muscle

Relaxant effect

When is gastric pH lowest?

Foals not nursing

Adults not eating

What can be used to alleviate discomfort from gastric ulcers?

H2 antagonists
Proton pump inhibitors
Aluminum hydroxide
Sucralfate
Misoprostol

What drugs are used to treat gastric reflux?

Prokinetic drugs
Bethanechol
Metoclopramide

What can be used to treat gastric impactions?

Mineral oil
Epsom salts
Psyllium
Water
Dioctyl Sodium Succinate (DSS), can be administered via nasogastric tube

What drugs can be used to treat duodenitis?

IV fluids (electrolyte balance)
Flunixin meglumine
Antimicrobials
Prokinetics
Decompress stomach frequently

Treatment for inflammatory enteritis:

Dexamethasone (once daily)

Fluids if necessary

Treatment of lawsonia intracellularis associated proliferative enteropathy:

Oxytetracycline most commonly used

Treatment of rhodococcus equi associated proliferative enteropathy:

Erythromycin + rifampin Azithromycin Clarithromycin

Treatment of sand colic:

Psyllium (laxative) | Mineral oil

Treatment of nephrosplenic ligament entrapment:

Phenylephrine (a1 agonist) | Anesthetize in right later recumbency, roll to dorsal recumbency

Treatment of potomac horse fever:

Oxytetracycline Fluid therapy NSAIDs Hyperimmune plasma/endoserum beneficial

Treatment of enteric pythiosis:

Organic iodides (orally)

Treatment of pyloric stenosis:

Bethanechol | Acid-suppression may be needed

Drugs used to decrease GI motility:

Atropine (anticholinergics) Mu opioid agonists a2 adrenergic agonists

Treatment of ileus:

``` Prokinetic drugs Anti-inflammatory drugs Analgesics Decompression of stomach Fluids ```

Management of endotoxemia:

``` Endoserum, protects against 99% of gram-negative bacteria Polymixin B (broad spectrum antibiotic) Flunixin meglumine (NSAID) Heparin ```

Side effects of polymixin B

Respiratory paralysis | Nephrotoxicity

Side effects of flunixin meglumine

Gastric ulceration Colitis Renal papillary necrosis Impaired GI motility

Management of GI pain

NSAIDs (flunixin meglumine, phenylbutazone, ketoprofen) Lidocaine Butorphanol (visceral analgesic) Buscopan