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Cardiovascular (final exam) Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiac stimulant drug groups

A 
B1 agonists
Methylxanthines
Positive inotropes
Inodilator
“Other” cardiac stimulants
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2
Q

B1 agonists

A 
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Isoproterenol
Dopamine
Dobutamine
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3
Q

Methylxanthines

A

Aminophylline

Theophylline

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4
Q

Positive inotropes

A

Digoxin

Dobutamine (B1 agonist)

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5
Q

Inodilator

A

Pimobendan

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6
Q

“Other” cardiac stimulants

A

Glucagon

Calcium salts

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7
Q

Congestive heart failure drugs

A 
Positive inotropes
Inodilators
Vasodilators
Diuretics
Beta-blockers
Adjunctives
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8
Q

Diuretics indicated in congestive heart failure

A 
Mannitol
Furosemide
Hydrochlorothiazide
Spironolactone
Acetazolamide
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9
Q

Adjunctive treatments for congestive heart failure

A

Sodium-restricted diet
Exercise restriction
Oxygen therapy

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10
Q

Vasoconstrictor drug groups

A

a-antagonists

sympathomimetics

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11
Q

Vasodilator drug groups

A 
a-antagonists
ACE inhibitors
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor
Direct-acting vasodilators
Calcium-channel blocker
Angiotensin II antagonist
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12
Q

Antiarrhythmic drug classes

A 
Class I - Na channel blockers
Class II - B-blockers
Class III - K channel blockers
Class IV - Ca channel blockers
Anticholinergics
“Other” treatment
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13
Q

Non-selective a-antagonist vasoconstrictors

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

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14
Q

Selective a1-antagonist vasoconstrictors

A

Dopamine (high dose)

Phenylephrine

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15
Q

Direct & indirect sympathomimetic vasoconstrictors

A

Vasopressin
Ephedrine
Pseudoephedrine
Phenylpropanolamine (B-hydroxy amphetamine) PPA

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16
Q

Non-selective a-antagonist vasodilator

A

Phenoxybenzamine

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17
Q

Selective a1-antagonist vasodilator

A

Prazosin

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18
Q

Other a1-antagonist vasodilator

A

Acepromazine

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19
Q

ACE inhibitor vasodilator

A

Enalapril

Benazepril

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20
Q

Phosphodiesterase inhibitor vasodilator

A

Sildenafil

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21
Q

Direct-acting vasodilators

A

Nitroprusside
Nitroglycerine
Hydralazine

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22
Q

Calcium-channel blocker vasodilator

A

Amlodipine

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23
Q

Angiotensin II antagonist vasodilator

A

Losartan

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24
Q

Class I antiarrhythmics

A

Quinidine
Procainamide
Lidocaine
Mexilitine

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25
Class II antiarrhythmics
``` Propranolol Atenolol Esmolol Metoprolol Carvedilol ```
26
Class III antiarrhythmics
Sotalol | Amiodarone
27
Class IV antiarrhythmics
Diltiazem
28
Anticholinergic antiarrhythmics
Atropine | Glycopyrrolate
29
“Other” antiarrhythmic treatment
Magnesium sulfate
30
Drug of choice for calcium channel blocker toxicity
Glucagon
31
Treatment of choice for severe hyperkalemia
Calcium salts (IV calcium gluconate)
32
Methylxanthines mechanism of action
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors | Increase cAMP -> increase epinephrine release
33
Methylxanthines main use
Bronchodilation
34
Methylxanthines other effects
Induce diuresis (cardiac diuretic)
35
Methylxanthine precautions
``` Sever cardiac disease Hypertension Seizure disorders Gastric ulcers Hyperthyroidism Severe hypoxia Renal or hepatic dysfunction ```
36
Treatment of choice for congestive heart failure
Pimobendan
37
Most commonly used catecholamine for severe congestive heart failure due to myocardial failure:
Dobutamine (B1 agonist)
38
Which drug used to treat congestive heart failure increases intracellular calcium (positive inotropic effect)?
Digoxin | Inhibits Na/K ATPase = more Na available to exchange with Ca
39
Primary adverse effect of digoxin
GI signs #1 | Tachyarrhythmias
40
Which drug used to treat congestive heart failure has a positive inotropic effect without increasing intracellular Ca?
Pimobendan
41
Pimobendan most commonly has what adverse effect? When is this drug contraindicated?
GI signs | Contraindicated in cases of aortic stenosis, augmented cardiac output
42
Define arrhythmia
Abnormalities in heart rate and rhythm
43
Three mechanisms of arrhythmias:
Abnormal automaticity Abnormal conduction Disturbance in both automaticity and impulse conduction
44
What is the drug of choice in treatment of supraventricular arrhythmias?
Diltiazem
45
What is the drug of choice in treatment of equine atrial fibrillation?
Quinidine
46
What is the drug of choice in ventricular arrhythmias?
Lidocaine IV
47
Class IA sodium channel blockers have what effect on myocardial contraction?
Prolong action potential
48
Class IB sodium channel blockers have what effect on myocardial contraction?
Shortens action potential
49
When are class II antiarrhythmics contraindicated?
Unstable heart failure Class II = beta-blockers Wean off drugs
50
Sotalol is a class III antiarrhythmic. When is it contraindicated?
Over or low output congestive heart failure | K channel blocker
51
K channel blocker mechanism of action
Prolong refractory period of cardiac action potentials
52
Amiodarone is used to treat what type of arrhythmia?
Ventricular arrhythmias in dogs
53
Diltiazem is a class IV antiarrhythmic contraindicated in what condition?
Pulmonary edema | Hypotension
54
“Other” antiarrhythmic treatments include:
Magnesium sulfate IV Vagal maneuvers for supraventricular tachycardia Cardioversion for supraventricular tachycardia
55
Magnesium sulfate IV can be used to treat what kind of arrhythmia?
Refractory ventricular arrhythmia
56
Drugs used to treat sinus bradycardia:
Atropine | Glycopyrrolate
57
Treatments used in atrioventricular block:
1st degree: monitor 2nd degree: atropine test, isoproterenol, theophylline, glucagon 3rd degree: pacemaker
58
Emergency treatments used in atrial standstill:
``` Often associated with severe hyperkalemia, recognize via ECG (absence of p-waves) IV calcium gluconate IV sodium bicarbonate Dextrose Regular insulin ```
59
Vasodilator drug groups
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors Phosphodiesterase inhibitors Direct-acting vasodilators Calcium channel blockers
60
ACE inhibitor mechanism of action
Inhibits of angiotensin converting enzyme Inhibits angiotensin II synthesis Inhibits aldosterone Stimulates bradykinin (vasodilator) release Stimulates renin
61
Benazepril pharmacokinetics
Long acting | Hepatic > renal clearance
62
Therapeutic indications for ACE inhibitors:
Congestive heart failure Hypertension Protein losing renal disease
63
ACE inhibitor contraindications
Hypotension Risk of worsening azotemia GI signs
64
Sildenafil mechanism of action
Stimulates nitric oxide production | Smooth muscle of pulmonary vasculature
65
Sildenafil therapeutic use
Treatment of pulmonary hypertension
66
Sildenafil contraindications
Systemic hypotension Contraindicated for use with nitrates Hypovolemia
67
Nitrates mechanism of action
Increased nitric oxide formation | Balanced direct arteriolar and venous vasodilation
68
Hydralazine mechanism of action
Increases local PGI2 concentration (alters Ca metabolism in smooth muscle)
69
Nitrates and Hydralazine therapeutic indications
Hypertensive crisis | Afterload reduction with severe congestive heart failure
70
Amlodipine mechanism of action
Inhibits influx of Ca in myocardial and smooth muscle cells Inhibits myocardial contraction Dilates coronary and systemic arteries
71
Amlodipine is primarily used to:
Decrease systemic blood pressure
72
What is the drug of choice in hypertensive cats?
Amlodipine
73
Amlodipine contraindications
Hypotension Bradycardia AV block
74
Which direct-acting vasodilator is contraindicated in renal disease?
Hydralazine
75
Hemostatic agents
Vitamin K1 Protamine sulfate Aminocaproic acid Desmopressin acetate
76
Vitamin K mechanism of action
Necessary for synthesis of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, X
77
What is the drug of choice for bleeding disorder associated with vitamin K deficiency?
Vitamin K. No shit.
78
Which drug is a specific antidote for anticoagulant rodenticide and warfarin induced hemorrhage?
Vitamin K
79
Vitamin K precaution
ONLY SQ injection | Risk of anaphylaxis if given IV
80
Protamine sulfate mechanism of action
Complexes with heparin to form inactive stable salt
81
What is the drug of choice for treating heparin induced hemorrhage?
Protamine sulfate
82
Protamine sulfate rapid IV administration may cause:
``` Hypotension Bradycardia Pulmonary hypertension Dyspnea Hypersensitivity ```
83
Aminocaproic acid mechanism of action
Antifibrinolytic | Inhibits fibrinolysis
84
Desmopressin acetate mechanism of action
Hormonal agent | Increases coagulation factor VIII and plasminogen factor
85
What is the drug of choice for bleeding due to vonWillebrand’s disease?
Desmopressin acetate
86
What is the drug of choice for treatment of central diabetes insipidus?
Desmopressin acetate
87
Anticoagulants
Heparin sodium Dalteparin Enoxaprin Warfarin sodium
88
Heparin sodium mechanism of action
Prevents conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
89
Heparin sodium therapeutic indications
Treat some thromboembolic diseases | Prophylactic treatment to prevent thromboembolic disease development
90
Heparin sodium precautions
Monitor Risk of bleeding Induced thrombocytopenia has been reported
91
Dalteparin & enoxaparin mechanism of action
Inactivates coagulation factor Xa | Minimal impact on thrombin and clot times
92
Dalteparin & enoxaparin therapeutic indications
Prophylactic and treatment for thromboembolic diseases
93
Dalteparin & enoxaparin precautions
Administer SQ only | Hemorrhage possible
94
Warfarin sodium mechanism of action
Inhibits Vitamin K epoxide reductase | Inhibits synthesis of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, X
95
Warfarin sodium therapeutic indications
Used in dogs for thromboembolic disease, long term
96
Warfarin sodium precautions
Hemorrhage possible Monitor PT Teratogenic
97
Anti-thrombotics
Aspirin | Clopidogrel bisulfate
98
Thrombolytics
Streptokinase Urokinase Tissue plasminogen activator
99
Aspirin mechanism of action
Inhibit platelet aggregation Inhibit thromboxane A2 (TXA2) synthesis COX-1 inhibition
100
Aspirin therapeutic indications
Treat thrombotic disease Feline aortic thromboembolism IMHA
101
Aspirin is contraindicated in what conditions?
GI ulceration | Active GI bleeding
102
Clopidogrel bisulfate mechanism of action
Reduce platelet aggregation | Inhibits ADP receptor on platelets
103
Clopidogrel bisulfate therapeutic indications
Treatment of thrombotic disease Feline aortic thromboembolism IMHA
104
Clopidogrel bisulfate contraindication
GI ulceration | Active GI bleed
105
Thrombolytic drugs mechanism of action
Activate plasminogen for thrombolysis
106
Thrombolytic drugs therapeutic indications
Treat existing thrombus or thromboembolism | Not commonly used, high morbidity
107
Thrombolytic drug precautions
Life-threatening hemorrhage | IV administration only

pharm (6 decks)

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