Equine forelimb

Question 1

Dogs and cats are digitigrade. What are horses?

Answer 1

Unguligrade

Question 2

Which is the weight bearing digit of the horse?

Answer 2

3rd digit, distal phalanx

Question 3

What is the chestnut? Where is it located?

Answer 3

Vestigia hornpad

1st metacarpal

Question 4

What is the ergot? Where is it located?

Answer 4

Horny lump

Fetlock - hidden by feathers

Question 5

What is the fetlock joint?

Answer 5

Metacarpo-phalangeal joint

Question 6

What is the lacertus fibrosis?

Answer 6

Fibrous extension of biceps brachii

Question 7

Where does the lacertus fibrosis insert?

Answer 7

Proximal metacarpal 3

Question 8

What is the function of the laceratus fibrosis?

Answer 8

Part of stay apparatus

Maintains shoulder and carpus in extension

Question 9

What is different about the radius and ulna in a horse compared to a dog?

Answer 9

Radius and ulna fused

No annular/interosseus ligaments

Question 10

What ligaments are present in the radius and ulna of a horse?

Answer 10

Collateral

Question 11

How many heads are in the triceps of a horse?

Answer 11

3

Question 12

What bursas (fluid filled cushions, protect tendons) are in the horse?

Answer 12

Tricipital bursa

Subcutaneous bursa

Question 13

Where is the tricipital bursa located?

Answer 13

Between tendon and olecranon process

Question 14

Where is the subcutaneous bursa located?

Answer 14

Between skin and tendons of tricep insertion

Question 15

Which joint has the most movement in a horse?

Answer 15

Antebrachiocarpal joint

Question 16

Which joint has the least movement in the horse?

Answer 16

Carpo-metacarpal joint

Question 17

What supports the carpal joint?

Answer 17

Collateral ligaments
Plamar fibrocartilaginous plate
Palmar ligament
Retinaculum

Question 18

What is the fibrocartilaginous plate the origin of?

Answer 18

Check ligament of DDFT

Question 19

What runs through the carpal canal in the horse?

Answer 19

Both SDFT and DDFT in one tendon sheath

Question 20

What is the largest metacarpus bone?

Answer 20

3rd carpus = cannon

Question 21

Is the first metacarpus present?

Answer 21

Vestigial or absent

Question 22

What ridge is present on the cannon bone?

Answer 22

Sagittal ridge

Question 23

What are the 2nd and 4th metacarpals called?

Answer 23

Splint boes

Question 24

What type of bones are the proximal and middle phalanx?

Answer 24

Proximal = long pastern bone
Middle = short pastern bone

Question 25

What ligament is on the proximal phalanx?

Answer 25

Distal sesamoidean ligament

Question 26

What is the distal phalanx called?

Answer 26

Pedal or coffin bone

Question 27

Why does the dorsal surface of the coffin bone have striations?

Answer 27

For hoof attachments and bood vessels

Question 28

What process is on the pedal/coffin bone? What is this for?

Answer 28

Extensor process | Attachment of common digital extensor tendon

Question 29

How many ossification are present in the manus (metacarpals?

Answer 29

2 on proximal and middle | 1 on coffin/distal

Question 30

Do horses have proximal and dorsal sesamoid bones?

Answer 30

No dorsal | Only proximal

Question 31

What shape are the proximal sesamoids in the horse? What are they embedded in?

Answer 31

Triangular | Suspensory ligament

Question 32

What is the function of the proximal sesamoids?

Answer 32

Protect SDFT and DDFT

Question 33

What is the navicular bone? What is it covered in?

Answer 33

Round sesamoid bone at DIP joint | Hyaline cartilage

Question 34

What happens to the navicular bone over time?

Answer 34

Erodes with age | Navicular disease syndrome

Question 35

What type of joint is the metacarpo-phalangeal joint? (Fetlock)

Answer 35

Synovial joint | Extensive capsule

Question 36

What 2 main ligaments support the fetlock?

Answer 36

``` Suspensory ligament (interossesu in dogs) Sesamoidean ligaments (consists of 3 ligaments) ```

Question 37

What make up the sesamoidan ligaments of the fetlock?

Answer 37

Intersesamoidean ligament Collateral ligaments Distal ligaments

Question 38

What is the proximal shield over the intersesamoidean ligament?

Answer 38

Scutum (proximal)

Question 39

What are the 4 distal ligaments?

Answer 39

Short Cruciate Oblique Straight